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      University of California Press

      Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

      University of California Press, Ltd.

      London, England

      © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Alagona, Peter S.

      After the grizzly : endangered species and the politics of place in California / Peter S. Alagona.

      pagescm

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-520-27506-5 (cloth : alk. paper)

      eISBN 9780520954410

      1. Wildlife conservation—California.2. Wildlife conservation—United States.3. Endangered species—California.4. Endangered species—United States.5. Grizzly bear—California.I. Title.

      QL82.A422013

      591.68—dc23

      2012038183

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Rolland Enviro100, a 100% post-consumer fiber paper that is FSC certified, deinked, processed chlorine-free, and manufactured with renewable biogas energy. It is acid-free and EcoLogo certified.

      CONTENTS

      Acknowledgments

      Introduction

      1.The Land of the Bears

      2.A New Movement

      3.The Official Landscape

      4.The Laws of Nature

      5.The California Condor: From Controversy to Consensus

      6.The Mojave Desert Tortoise: Ambassador for the Outback

      7.The San Joaquin Kit Fox: The Flagship Fox

      8.The Delta Smelt: Water Politics by Another Name

      Epilogue

      Notes

      Selected Bibliography

      Index

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      This book was a long time in coming. Depending on how you count, it took half a decade, a decade, or a decade and a half to complete. I don’t like to do the math. All I know is that without the support and encouragement of my family, friends, colleagues, mentors, and students, I never would have finished this project.

      During my career, I have had the good fortune to work with an outstanding collection of mentors. At Northwestern Peter Hayes inspired me, challenged me, and invited me to consider history as a career. At UC Santa Barbara Frank Davis encouraged my interest in ecology and conservation. At UCLA my doctoral committee members—Jessica Wang, Stephen Aron, Ted Porter, and Rick Vance—each brought distinct and indispensible perspectives. I am especially indebted to Jessica for her sage advice and commitment to my cause. At Harvard I had the formative experience of working with Sheila Jasanoff, and at Stanford I benefitted immeasurably from my time with Richard White, who read a full draft of the manuscript and provided vital feedback.

      It is a delight to thank my many friends and colleagues who contributed to this project with their insight, advice, and encouragement: Gregory Simon, Lissa Wadewitz, Lawrence Culver, Emily Scott, Jay Turner, Mark Barrow, Etienne Benson, Jeremy Vetter, Robert Wilson, Jenny Price, Roxanne Willis, Stefan Sperling, Matt Booker, Jon Christensen, Fritz Davis, Phil Garone, Anita Guerrini, Andrew Mathews, Patrick McCray, Gabriela Soto Laveaga, Simone Pulver, Stephanie Pincetl, David Igler, Erica Fleischman, Chris Pyke, Britta Bierwagen, Noah Goldstein, Heather Rosenberg, Holly Doremus, Stephen Bocking, Paul Sutter, Nathan Sayre, Stephanie Pincetl, Carla D’Antonio, Stève Barnardin, and Jacquelyn Langberg among others. I also thank John Majewski and Josh Schimel, who served as the chairs of the History Department and Environmental Studies Program during my first few years as a faculty member at UCSB, for their extraordinary confidence and support.

      I received help with my research from a number of scientists, agency officials, archivists, librarians, and editors. I am particularly indebted to Jan Hamber, Susan Snyder, Brian Cypher, Pete Woodman, Kristin Berry, James Moore, Cameron Barrows, Travis Longcore, John Mattox, Lloyd Kiff, Peter Sorensen, and Peggy Wood—each of whom spent valuable time with me—as well as the staffs of the California Academy of Sciences, Oregon State University Archives, California State Archives, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Yosemite and Joshua Tree national parks, California Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Bancroft and Bioscience libraries at the University of California, Berkeley. I also thank Cathryn Carson and her colleagues from the Office for the History of Science and Technology at UC Berkeley for welcoming me as a visiting scholar for two years of research and writing. A special thanks goes out to the three reviewers who read and commented on my draft manuscript. Kate Marshall, from the University of California Press, did a wonderful job producing the book, as did the superb editors I worked with at various stages of the writing process: Jenny Wapner, Blake Edgar, Dore Brown, Juliana Froggatt, and Audra Wolfe.

      During the course of this project, I received generous support from the UCLA Graduate Division, The John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation, the Harvard University Center for the Environment, the Bill Lane Center for the American West at Stanford University, and the UCSB College of Letters and Science.

      It is a great joy to thank my unwavering, irrepressible parents, Judy and Peter, and my sister, Robyn, who inherited the best of them both. And then there is my own growing family: first Bodie, then Ziti, and now Saul—a little person with a big personality who changed my life in an instant almost a year ago and has done it again every day since. I dedicate this book to Jessica who saw it, and me, through from beginning to end. Like everything else in our lives together, this too was a team effort.

      INTRODUCTION

      One hot morning in the spring of 2004, I found myself in a distant corner of the Mojave Desert, standing in a field surrounded by saltbush and sage, feeling disoriented, overdressed, and a little embarrassed. A biologist named Peggy Wood had agreed to let me tag along with her while she tracked a small population of desert tortoises in a fenced area to which they had been moved to make way for the construction of an automobile test track. Peggy had handed me a radio telemetry receiver and an antenna and explained how to use the two devices to locate the tortoises she and her colleagues had fitted with beacons as part of the project’s wildlife translocation and mitigation effort. I