1  Cover

      2  Preface

      3  1 Introduction 1.1 Opening Remarks 1.2 The Prophets of the Doomed Turned Into Scientists 1.3 Paradigm Shift in Sustainable Development 1.4 Questions Answered in This Book

      4  2 Petroleum in the Big Picture 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pre-Industrial Revolution Period 2.3 Beginning of the Petroleum Culture 2.4 The Information Age 2.5 The Energy Crisis 2.6 Conclusions

      5  3 Natural Resources of the Earth 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Characteristic Time 3.3 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 3.4 The Nature of Material Resources 3.5 The Science of Water and Petroleum 3.6 Nitrogen Cycle: Part of the Water/Nitrogen Duality 3.7 Conclusions

      6  4 Growth Potential of Petroleum Reservoirs 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Toward Decarbonization 4.3 The Current State of the World of Oil and Gas 4.4 World Oil and Gas Reserve 4.5 Organic Origin of Petroleum 4.6 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 4.7 Reserve Growth Potential of an Oil/Gas Reservoir 4.8 Conclusions

      7  5 Fundamentals of Reservoir Characterization in View of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Role of Fractures 5.3 Natural and Artificial Fractures 5.4 Developing Reservoir Characterization Tools for Basement Reservoirs 5.5 The Origin of Fractures 5.6 Seismic Fracture Characterization 5.7 Reservoir Characterization During Drilling 5.8 Reservoir Characterization with Image Log and Core Analysis 5.9 Major Forces of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 5.10 Reservoir Heterogeneity 5.11 Special Considerations for Shale 5.12 Conclusions

      8  6 Future Potential of Enhanced Oil Recovery 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background 6.3 Types of EOR 6.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery in Relation to Oil and Gas Reserve 6.5 Current Oil Fields 6.6 Need for EOR 6.7 Conclusions

      9  7 Greening of Enhanced Oil Recovery 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Carbon Dioxide Injection 7.3 Thermal Methods 7.4 Chemical Methods 7.5 Gas Injection 7.6 Recap of Existing EOR Projects 7.7 Downhole Refinery 7.8 Conclusions

      10  8 Toward Achieving Total Sustainability EOR Operations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Issues in Petroleum Operations 8.3 Critical Evaluation of Current Petroleum Practices 8.4 Petroleum Refining and Conventional Catalysts 8.5 Current Practices in Exploration, Drilling and Production 8.6 Challenges in Waste Management 8.7 Greening of EOR Operations 8.8 Zero-Waste Operations 8.9 Conclusions

      11  9 Conclusions 9.1 The Task 9.2 Conclusions

      12  References and Bibliography

      13  Index

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