1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright

      4  Preface

      5  List of Abbreviations and Symbols

      6  About the Authors

      7  1 Introduction

      8  2 Principles of X-ray Spectrometry 2.1 Analytical Performance 2.2 X-ray Radiation and Their Interaction 2.3 The Development of X-ray Spectrometry 2.4 Carrying Out an Analysis

      9  3 Sample Preparation 3.1 Objectives of Sample Preparation 3.2 Preparation Techniques 3.3 Preparation of Compact and Homogeneous Materials 3.4 Small Parts Materials 3.5 Liquid Samples 3.6 Biological Materials 3.7 Small Particles, Dust, and Aerosols

      10  4 XRF Instrument Types 4.1 General Design of an X-ray Spectrometer 4.2 Comparison of Wavelength- and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometers 4.3 Type of Instruments 4.4 Commercially Available Instrument Types

      11  5 Measurement and Evaluation of X-ray Spectra 5.1 Information Content of the Spectra 5.2 Procedural Steps to Execute a Measurement 5.3 Selecting the Measurement Conditions 5.4 Determination of Peak Intensity 5.5 Quantification Models 5.6 Characterization of Layered Materials 5.7 Chemometric Methods for Material Characterization 5.8 Creation of an Application

      12  6 Analytical Errors 6.1 General Considerations 6.2 Types of Errors 6.3 Accounting for Systematic Errors 6.4 Recording of Error Information

      13  7 Other Element Analytical Methods 7.1 Overview 7.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 7.3 Optical Emission Spectrometry 7.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 7.5 X-Ray Spectrometry by Particle Excitation (SEM-EDS, PIXE) 7.6 Comparison of Methods

      14  8 Radiation Protection 8.1 Basic Principles 8.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Human Tissue 8.3 Natural Radiation Exposure 8.4 Radiation Protection Regulations

      15  9 Analysis of Homogeneous Solid Samples 9.1 Iron Alloys 9.2 Ni–Fe–Co Alloys 9.3 Copper Alloys 9.4 Aluminum Alloys 9.5 Special Metals 9.6 Precious Metals 9.7 Glass Material 9.8 Polymers 9.9 Abrasion Analysis

      16  10 Analysis of Powder Samples 10.1 Geological Samples 10.2 Ores 10.3 Soils and Sewage Sludges 10.4 Quartz Sand 10.5 Cement 10.6 Coal and Coke 10.7 Ferroalloys 10.8 Slags 10.9 Ceramics and Refractory Materials 10.10 Dusts 10.11 Food 10.12 Pharmaceuticals 10.13