1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright

      4  Introduction

      5  1 Symmetry of Shapes in Biology: from D’Arcy Thompson to Morphometrics 1.1. Introduction 1.2. D’Arcy Thompson, symmetry and morphometrics 1.3. Isometries and symmetry groups 1.4. Biological asymmetries 1.5. Principles of geometric morphometrics 1.6. The treatment of symmetry in morphometrics 1.7. Some examples of applications 1.8. Conclusion 1.9. References

      6  2 Impact of a Point Mutation in a Protein Structure 2.1. Composition 2.2. Folding 2.3. Substitution(s) in protein structures 2.4. Effect on overall structure and function 2.5. Effect on stability 2.6. Effect on the peptide backbone 2.7. Conclusion 2.8. References

      7  3 The Role of Taxonomy and Natural History in the Study of the Evolution of Eneopterinae Crickets 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Taxonomy in modern comparative approaches 3.3. A model group 3.4. Contribution of taxonomy for phylogenetic reconstructions and classification 3.5. Contribution of taxonomy to biogeography 3.6. Taxonomic exploration and evolution of species traits 3.7. Conclusion 3.8. Acknowledgments 3.9. References

      8  4 Systematics in the (Post)genomic Era: A Look at the Drosophila Model 4.1. Drosophila: a star of genetics but a systematic nebula 4.2. Subspecies: identification of “genomic islands of divergence”? 4.3. Species complexes: congruence between species trees and gene trees 4.4. Supraspecific ranks: phylogeny, genome and morphome 4.5. Conclusion 4.6. Acknowledgments 4.7. References

      9  5 Dealing with Multiple Environments: The Challenges of the Trypanosome Lifecycle 5.1. Human African trypanosomiasis, the disease 5.2. Cell biology of Trypanosoma brucei 5.3. Survival and maturation of T. brucei in the tsetse vector 5.4. Adaptations of T. brucei to the mammalian host 5.5. Conclusion 5.6. References

      10  6 Challenges Inherent in the Systematics and Taxonomy of Genera that have Recently Experienced Explosive Radiation: The Case of Orchids of the Genus Ophrys 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Speciation in Ophrys: an evolutionary divergence seen as a reticulated continuum 6.3. Current state of knowledge on Ophrys systematics 6.4. Integrative genomics and taxonomy: perspectives and issues 6.5. Conclusion 6.6. Acknowledgments 6.7. References

      11  7 Exploration and Origins of Biodiversity in Madagascar: The Message of Ferns 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Madagascar: a complex biogeographical context 7.3. Ferns and lycophytes: an ideal model for the biogeography of Madagascar 7.4. Origins of the lineages of ferns in Madagascar 7.5. The example of Rumohra: dispersions to Madagascar and around the world 7.6. Conclusion 7.7. References

      12  8 Mediterranean and Atlantic Algae, a Fraternal Relationship? 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Materials and methods 8.3.