To our present and future children and grandchildren.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Handbook of clinical gender medicine / editors, Karin Schenck-Gustafsson.… [et al.]. p.; cm.

      Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

      ISBN 978-3-8055-9929-0 (hard cover: alk. paper) – ISBN 978-3-8055-9930-6 (e-ISBN) I. Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin.

      [DNLM: 1. Clinical Medicine - - methods. 2. Sex Factors. 3. Socioeconomic Factors. QZ 53]

      616––dc23

      2012008217

      Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services.

      Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

      Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

      © Copyright 2012 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland)

       www.karger.com

      Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Bosch Druck, Ergolding

      ISBN 978-3-8055-9929-0

      e-ISBN 978-3-8055-9930-6

      Contents

Foreword

      Wainer, J. (Clayton, Vic./Box Hill, Vic.); Wainer, Z. (Melbourne, Vic.)

Preface

      Schenck-Gustafsson, K. (Stockholm)

      Introduction

Gender Matters

      Wainer, J. (Clayton, Vic./Box Hill, Vic.); Wainer, Z. (Melbourne, Vic.)

Biological Sex and the Genome: What Makes Us Ourselves?

      Legato, M.J. (New York, N.Y.)

Social and Biological Determinants in Health and Disease

      Section Editors: DeCola, P.R. (New York, N.Y.); Schober, J.M. (Erie, Pa.)

Gender Effects on Health and Healthcare

      DeCola, P.R. (New York, N.Y.)

A Global War against Baby Girls: Sex-Selective Abortion Becomes a Worldwide Practice

      Eberstadt, N.N. (Washington, D.C.)

Fetal Programming

      Glezerman, M. (Petah Tiqwa/Tel Aviv)

Ambiguous Genitalia

      Mouriquand, P.D.E. (Bron); Schober, J.M. (Erie, Pa.)

Central Nervous System and Clinical Applications

      Section Editor: Pfaff, D.W. (New York, N.Y.)

Chronic Stress and Allostatic Load

      Juster, R.-P.; Lupien, S.J. (Montreal, Que.)

Autism

      Knickmeyer, R. (Chapel Hill, N.C.); Baron-Cohen, S. (Cambridge)

Depression

      Rubinow, D.R.; Craft, C.D. (Chapel Hill, N.C.)

       Violence: Adaptive Regulated Aggression Contrasted with Violence Against Women

      Kreinin, T. (Washington, D.C.); Esteva, C.G.M. (Geneva); Pfaff, D.W. (New York, N.Y.);

      Lusweti, S.; Shauri, H.S. (Kilifi)

       Neurology

      Section Editor: Olsson, T. (Stockholm)

       Parkinson’s Disease

      af Edholm, K.; Svenningsson, P. (Stockholm)