Bovine Reproduction. Группа авторов

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Bovine Reproduction - Группа авторов


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this same spiral orientation, often prior to ejaculation.

      Spiral Deviation

Photos depict (a) spiral deviation of the penis demonstrated during a test mating. (b) Spiral deviation of the penis induced with an electroejaculator during semen collection. Spiraling of the penis during electroejaculation is common and should not be confused with the pathologic deviation prior to achieving intromission shown in (a).

      Source: Image courtesy of Clint Hilt.

      A diagnosis of spiral deviation is suspected based on history and a description of the penis during the breeding attempt, but diagnosis can only be confirmed by an observed test mating. Because the penis of many normal bulls will spiral under the artificial stimulus of electroejaculation, diagnosis following observation of spiraling during stimulation with an electroejaculator is insufficient (Figure 15.14b). Deviation may be intermittent, especially early in the development of the condition, and repeated observations of test matings may be required to confirm the diagnosis.

      No medical therapy is available to correct spiral deviation of the penis. Surgical correction of spiral deviation relies on induction of fibrous tissue to strengthen the attachments of the dorsal apical ligament to the penis. The available surgical techniques are described in Chapter 19. Spiral deviation is sometimes seen in association with damage to the dorsal nerves of the penis and careful observation at the time of test mating to rule out penile denervation should precede any attempted surgical correction.

      Ventral Deviation

Photo depicts ventral deviation of the penis demonstrated during stimulation with an electroejaculator.

      Source: Courtesy of Robert L. Carson and Dwight Wolfe.

Photo depicts ventral deviation of the penis demonstrated during a test mating.

      Source: Courtesy of Richard Hopper.

      S‐Shaped Deviation

      Persistent Frenulum

      Persistent frenulum has been described under “Abnormalities of the Prepuce.” Diagnosis by observation is obvious but may sometimes be confused with phimosis in bulls with excessive redundant preputial skin when the ventral bending of the prepuce prevents extension of the glans beyond the preputial orifice (Robert L. Carson, personal communication).

      Urethral Fistula

Photo depicts urethral fistula.

      Source: Courtesy of Richard Hopper.

      Paraphimosis


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