1  Cover

      2  Series Title

      3  Title Page

      4  Copyright Page

      5  Acknowledgments

      6  Abbreviations

      7  1 What is a Bot? Where Does the Word ‘‘Bot’’ Come From? History of the Bot Early bots – Daemons and ELIZA Bots and the early internet: Infrastructural roles on Usenet Bots proliferate on internet relay chat Bots and online gaming on MUD environments Bots and the World Wide Web Crawlers, web-indexing bots Spambots and the development of the Robot Exclusion Standard Social media and the dawn of social bots Different Types of Bots APIs – How bots connect to websites and social media Social bots Chatbots Service bots and bureaucrat bots Crawlers/spiders Spambots Cyborgs Zombies, or compromised-device bots Lots of bots – botnets Misnomers and Misuse Important bot characteristics Conclusion Notes

      8  2 Bots and Social Life Bots and Global Society Social Bots, Social Media Bots, Journalism, and the News Bots, Dating, Videogames, and More Conclusion Notes

      9  3 Bots and Political Life Astroturfing, Inauthenticity, and Manual Messaging Identifying Bots: Actors, Behavior, Content The Tactics Used by Political Bots Dampening Hashtag poisoning DDoS attacks Amplification Harassment Political Bots and Their Uses Influencing voter turnout Surveillance Passive surveillance – information gathering and analytics Active surveillance – transparency Social activism – The dawn of the bots populi The Bot Arms Race Conclusion Notes

      10  4 Bots and Commerce What Is a Business Bot? Business Chatbots and Customer Service Transactional Bots and Finance Conclusion Notes

      11  5 Bots and Artificial Intelligence What Is AI? History of AI and Bots What Limits the Progress of AI? Agent-Based AI, the Semantic Web and Machine Learning How Bots Use AI Bot detection Chatbots and Natural Language Processing (NLP) Non-AI chatbots Corpus-based chatbots and fuzzy logic AI-based chatbots Conversational