ISBN 978-5-0059-3137-5

      Created with Ridero smart publishing system

      Introduction

      The authors of the textbook focused on the consideration of existing and promising information technologies in transport from the standpoint of automated control of the transportation process, focusing on the description of the functional part of information systems, which fully complies with the State Educational Standard and the discipline «Information technologies in mainline transport».

      The main content of the textbook corresponds to the standard program for the discipline «Information technologies in trunk transport», taking into account new developments and the introduction of information systems in transport. The content of the textbook corresponds to the plan approved by the methodological commission of the specialty «Railways operation».

      1 INTERNET OF THINGS

      1.1 Internet of Things in modern society

      Modern conditions of the transport services market, the growth of requirements for the quality of their provision, the optimization of the consistency of technological processes to ensure intermodal transport lead to an increase in the complexity of making the most rational management decisions in an operational environment. There is a need for the use of modern technical means, automation systems and digital technologies. One of the options may be distributed intelligent network management based on the use of cyber-physical systems.

      Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are the integration of computing with physical processes.

      The main technologies for supporting cyber-physical systems include: Internet of Things (IoT) technology, embedded systems (embedded system), Ubiquitous computing technology, special network exchange technologies.

      The current trend towards the use of digital technologies for the successful implementation of the «digital economy», «digital transport» and «digital railway», as well as the transition to the organization of the work of production processes of technological enterprises to the «Industry 4.0» mode within the framework of the fourth industrial revolution involves the construction of basic processes using an ecosystem that includes basic technologies:

      – Internet of Things (IoT);

      – Big Data;

      – Artificial Intelligence (AI);

      – Robotics;

      – Blockchain;

      – Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR, AR);

      – Digital doubles;

      – 5 G;

      – Additive technologies, etc.

      The Internet of Things technology is actively developing both in everyday life and in the transport industry. With the help of this technology, the amount of operational information about the functioning of the main processes is significantly increased, which is an incentive for the development of data processing, transmission, storage and processing systems in order to develop optimal solutions.

      The life cycle of this technology includes: collecting information through the development of sensor technologies to obtain operational data (allows the user to understand various parameters of the object or process under study and evaluate their mutual influence), using scalable and secure storage based on cloud services and building optimal technology for processing and analyzing large amounts of data using modern digital technologies.

      1.1.1 Internet of Things main characteristics

      The Internet of Things (hereinafter – IoT) is a technology for collecting and transmitting information about the state of uniquely identifiable objects (things) that can interact with each other without human intervention for its subsequent automatic processing and the formation of control actions. In this technology, any physical object can be connected to any other physical object. The autonomy of the devices and their ability to transmit data independently is important. Structurally, IoT can be represented as a special network or a distributed system that includes the interconnection of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other objects embedded in electronics (software, sensors, actuators). IoT technology allows objects connected to this special network to collect and exchange data.

      The fundamental characteristics of IoT include:

      – Connectedness. Any device (thing) should be able to be connected to the Global Information Infrastructure.

      – Provision of things with services. The Internet of Things should be able to provide a thing with the provision of services related to it, without restrictions.

      – Heterogeneity. The compatibility of technical means in networks must be ensured so that all IoT devices have the opportunity to interact with other devices or service platforms through various networks.

      – Dynamic changes of attributes of things.

      By «things» in IoT, the following objects are understood: sensors, controllers and other physical objects that were not originally intended to be connected to the network.

      Each device in the IoT must be uniquely identified by:

      – software and hardware provided for these devices;

      – RFID tags, radio beacons, optical recognizable identifiers.

      Currently, there are two main areas of implementation: Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT – Industrial Internet of Things). Despite the similarity of the basic concept, their functions and purpose differ.

      In general, during the operation of the IoT, data is collected and accumulated necessary for further construction of objective forecasts, while with the help of the IIoT, the automation of technological processes of the enterprise is carried out using remote control of the main devices, depending on the standards and current readings of the main sensors and sensors.

      The cloud platform of the industrial Internet of Things usually includes:

      – standard sensors, sensors, actuators connected via unified connectors to the specified platform, which allow collecting, analyzing data and transmitting it over the network;

      – network infrastructure combining heterogeneous communication channels;

      – connectors (software and hardware) and platform access gateways providing unified access procedures and data formats;

      – information systems designed to manage devices and communications, applications and analytics;

      – applications and software that allow analytical data processing, the creation of predictive models and intelligent device management;

      – storage systems for large amounts of data.

      The main directions can be attributed to the industrial sector of IoT application:

      – smart city;

      – smart factories (smart factory, IIoT).

      – smart warehouses;

      – smart power grids;

      – smart workplaces, etc.

      Currently, in various Internet of Things projects, a connection can be built on the basis of technologies such as:

      – information systems designed to manage devices and communications, applications and analytics;

      – applications and software that allow analytical data processing, the creation of predictive models and intelligent device management;

      – storage systems for large amounts of data.

      – Wireless