Túrki halyqtary men tilderi. Андрей Тихомиров

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Túrki halyqtary men tilderi - Андрей Тихомиров


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ıda boldy, olar bir jaǵynan uqsastyqtarmen – olardyń shyǵý teginiń birliginiń saldary retinde, al ekinshi jaǵynan – ortaq túrki tiliniń ydyraýymen túsindiriletin aıyrmashylyqtarmen-aldymen dıalektilerge, sodan keıin jeke tilder men Tilder toptaryna negizdeldi. Túrki halyqtary Altaı taýlary aımaǵynda keń keńistikte qalyptasady jáne mońǵol, týngýs-manchjýr jáne tıbet-qytaı halyqtarynyń basqa tildik toptarymen ózara árekettesedi. "Altaı" sóziniń ózi túrki tilindegi "altyn" – "altyn", mońǵol tilindegi "altyn"sózinen shyqqan. "Altan tobchı "nemese" Altan tovch "("altyn túıme "nemese" altyn qoıma") – XVII ǵasyrdaǵy mońǵol shejiresi. Altaı ejelden polımetaldar, temir rýdasy, synap, sondaı-aq altynnyń baı ken oryndarymen tanymal.

      Altaı túrikteri ártúrli taıpalar men halyqtardy, sonyń ishinde túrki emes halyqtardy baǵyndyrdy. Bılik, jazbasha derekkózder kórsetkendeı, úlken mal tabyndaryn, tonalǵan múlikti jınaǵan jáne óz sharýashylyǵynda quldary bar taıpalyq dvorándardyń qolynda shoǵyrlanǵan. Bul feodaldyq-patrıarhaldyq birlestiktiń basynda qaǵan turdy. Alaıda, Altaı túrikteri men olarǵa baǵynyshty halyqtar arasynda taıpalyq, negizinen áli de alǵashqy qoǵamdyq uıym bolyp qala berdi jáne qazirgi maǵynada áli de synyptar bolǵan joq. Memleket ekonomıkanyń damýy birdeı týysqan taıpalardyń názik birlestigi boldy.

      Bizdiń dáýirimizdiń I myńjyldyǵyndaǵy Altaı túrikteriniń tarıhy negizinen arheologıalyq jáne jazbasha derekkózderden belgili. Negizgi arheologıalyq kózder-jerleý jáne olardan tabylǵan zattar. Osy ýaqytta adamdy atpen jáne atqa miný úshin atpen birge jerleý dástúri taralady. Taýly Altaıdyń ańǵarlarynda tórtburyshty topyraq shuńqyrlary ornalasqan shaǵyn tas qorǵandar qazyldy. Bul shuńqyrlarǵa jerlengenderdiń artyna sozylǵan. Jerlengen adamnyń qasynda jylqy jerlengen. Keıde qabirler betinde tek tas saqınamen belgilenedi. Qorymnyń ortasynda ádette asyl adamnyń qabiri bolǵan, al aınalasynda onymen birge jerlengen jaýyngerlerdiń nemese quldardyń qabirleri bolǵan. Sońǵysynyń kedeıligi ortalyq qabirdiń baılyǵyn kúrt kórsetedi. Sonymen qatar úlken qorǵandar bar. Olardaǵy jerleý jabdyqtardyń baılyǵymen jáne jerleý rásiminiń kúrdeliligimen erekshelenedi. Qabirge jebeleri bar diril, temir pyshaq, áshekeılengen belbeýler, kóne túrki jazýlary bar kúmis ydystar qoıyldy. Bólimderdiń artynda jylqylardyń qańqalary jatty. Mundaı qorǵandar Altaıda Katanda aýylynyń janynda, Tuıahtada jáne Kýzbasstaǵy Ýr ózeninde ashyldy.

      Enýi malshylar-qazirgi Iakýtıa aýmaǵyna ıakýttardyń túrkitildes ata – babalary Baıkaldan B.Z. VI-X ǵasyrlardan bastap, Quryqandar angar men Lenada ómir súrgen kezden bastap uzaq ýaqyt boıy keldi (bul Kýrýmchın mádenıeti dep atalady). Alaıda, bul jerlerde túrki halqy da boldy. Temir dáýiriniń eń kóne qonysy Iakýtskiden tómen Iýúke ózeninen tabylǵan. Iakýtıanyń alǵashqy temir dáýiriniń erekshe mádenıeti Lenanyń tómengi aǵysyndaǵy Olekmınsk pen Sıktáhtyń ústindegi Muhtýıa aýylynyń mańyndaǵy eldi mekendermen usynylǵan. Halyq ańshylyq pen balyq aýlaýmen aınalysqan. Iakýt halqy lenada Ońtústik túrkitildes qonys aýdarýshylardyń jergilikti taıpalardy basyp alýy nátıjesinde paıda boldy. Iakýttardyń Ońtústik ata – babalarynyń sońǵy tolqyny orta zyǵyrǵa tek XIV-XV ǵasyrlarda engen dep boljanýda.keıbir jergilikti toptar ıakýttar, mysaly, soltústik-batystaǵy Buǵy ósirýshi ıakýttar, evenkterdiń jekelegen toptaryn ortalyq aımaqtardan shyqqan ıakýttarmen aralastyrý nátıjesinde salystyrmaly túrde jaqynda paıda boldy. Iakýttardyń qoǵamdyq ómirinde rýlyq júıeniń kóptegen qaldyqtary qaldy, rýlyq kek saqtaldy. Antropologıalyq turǵydan ıakýttar Ortalyq Azıaǵa jáne mońǵoloıdtyq násildiń Baıkal túrlerine jatady. Iakýttar tirshilik etý ortasy, mádenı jáne turmystyq aıyrmashylyqtar boıynsha birqatar jergilikti toptarǵa bólinedi – amgıno-Lena, Vılúı, olekmın, verhoıan, Soltústik. Iakýttardyń ekonomıkasy men materıaldyq mádenıetinde Ortalyq Azıanyń malshylaryna uqsas belgiler basym, biraq soltústik Taıga elementteri de bar. 20-shy jyldary XVII ǵasyr ıakýttar Reseı memleketiniń quramyna kirdi, bul olardyń áleýmettik-ekonomıkalyq jáne mádenı damýyn jedeldetti. Sonymen birge ıakýt halyqtyq massalary patsha sheneýnikteri, saýdagerler men ań terisin satyp alýshylar tarapynan qatygez ıasachı ezgisine, óreskel qysymǵa ushyraı bastady.

      Feodalızmge quldyq júıe arqyly kelgen elder úshin (mysaly, Qytaı, Úndistan, Iran úshin – Azıada, Italıa, Fransıa, Ispanıa úshin – Eýropada) feodaldyq qatynastarǵa kóshý ejelgi ýaqytta quryla bastaǵan ulttardyń qalyptasýyndaǵy jańa qadamdy bildirdi. Feodalızmge alǵashqy qaýymdyq júıeden tikeleı kelgen elder úshin (mysaly, Eýropada – Germanıa, Anglıa, Skandınavıa elderi, Reseı, Chehıa, Polsha, shyǵysta – keıbir túrki taıpalary úshin), taıpalar men taıpalyq birlestikterden ulttardyń paıda bolý prosesi feodalızmniń damýymen birge bastaldy. Eýropa men Azıadaǵy birqatar taıpalyq toptar men birlestikterde (mysaly, mońǵol jáne keıbir túrki taıpalarynda) bul prosestiń bastalýy salystyrmaly túrde kesh ýaqytqa, XI—XIII ǵasyrlarǵa jatady.

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