© 2016 by Douglas E. Schoen

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      FIRST AMERICAN EDITION

      LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

      Schoen, Douglas E., 1953–

      The Nixon Effect: How Richard Nixon’s Presidency Fundamentally Changed American Politics / Douglas E. Schoen.

      pages cm

      Includes index.

      ISBN 978-1-59403-800-6 (e-book)

      1. Nixon, Richard M., 1913–1994—influence. 2. United States—politics and government—1969–1974. 3. United States—politics and government—1989– I. Title.

      E856.S285 2015

      973.924092—dc23

      2015010956

      Contents

Introduction Walking in Nixon’s Shadow

SECTION I

       THE NIXON

       RECORD

CHAPTER 1 The Domestic Policy Pragmatist

CHAPTER 2 The Foreign Policy Visionary

SECTION II

       THE NIXON

       INFLUENCE

CHAPTER 3 Nixonizing the Republicans; Part One: The Southern Strategy and the Silent Majority

      CHAPTER 4 Nixonizing the Democrats; Part One: Stealing the Domestic Center from Liberals

      CHAPTER 5 Nixonizing the Republicans; Part Two: The Conservative Revolt

      CHAPTER 6 Nixonizing the Democrats; Part Two: Vietnam, McGovern, and the End of National-Security Liberalism

      CHAPTER 7 Triangulation Redux: How Bill Clinton Became a Nixon Heir

      CHAPTER 8 They Didn’t Listen to Nixon: Foreign Policy and Polarization under Bush and Obama

       SECTION III

       THE NIXON

       LEGACY

      CHAPTER 9 Watergate and the End of Bipartisan Politics

      CHAPTER 10 Nixon’s Final Comeback: The Postpresidency

      Afterword Nixon in 2016

      Notes

      Index

       – INTRODUCTION –

       Walking in Nixon’s Shadow

       I believe the second half of the 20th century will be known as the age of Nixon. Why was he the most durable public figure of our time? Not because he gave the most eloquent speeches, but because he provided the most effective leadership. Not because he won every battle, but because he always embodied the deepest feelings of the people he led.

       —BOB DOLE, AT RICHARD NIXON’S FUNERAL, APRIL 27, 19941

       [Nixon] was the inventor of the wedge issue, and his effort to Republicanize the South post-Lyndon Johnson because of civil rights helped redefine the parties. When there was no [longer] a conservative bloc within the Democratic Party, that pushed the Democrats to the left and the Republicans to the right.

       —JOHN DEAN2

       [Nixon] may never be fully understood by the historians and biographers who attempt to put a label on him. Even with his resignation, however, it is indisputable that he was and will likely always be one of America’s most significant presidents, one whose actions had among the most far-ranging consequences of any man to occupy the Oval Office.

       —PETER ROFF, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT3

      For forty years, Richard Nixon has been held up as the symbol of all that is corrupt and wrong about American politics. Despite his substantial accomplishments, Nixon became reviled across the political spectrum. Elected in reaction to the upheavals of the 1960s, he was always hated by the Left on the basis of being the dark and sinister figure who squelched the glorious social experiment of the counterculture. The Right never liked or trusted him either, preferring ideologically purer politicians. After Watergate, the Middle Americans of his silent majority abandoned him, and the elite media has always portrayed his presidency through the lens of its inglorious end, which became a mythic (and self-congratulatory) episode in American newspapering.

      Beneath the hatred, however, lies a different reality. The shadow of Watergate obscures one of the most consequential and even salutary American presidencies of the twentieth century. In my view, historians have yet to grasp the full scale and implications of Nixon’s legacy, especially the broadly positive influence of his policies, his impact on the ideological formation of the two major parties, and his formative influence on modern politics and campaign strategy. Nixon’s influence is so overarching that I have no hesitation in declaring him to be the most important American politician of the postwar era—for both parties.

      Why Nixon? some readers may ask. If our focus is on presidential achievement, why not Ronald Reagan or Lyndon Johnson, both of whom, from different ideological poles, effected profound changes for the United States? If our focus is instead turned to the degree of influence on our politics, why not Barack Obama, with the divisions he has fostered with his health care law; or George W. Bush, with his Iraq War and War on Terror; or even Bill Clinton, with his sex scandal and impeachment struggle? Indeed, our three most recent presidents have been participants in—and, their detractors would say, purveyors of—a political climate that for two decades has grown increasingly polarized. Yet, as I will show, all of these politicians inherited, in some form or another, the divisions that Nixon identified, exploited, and to some extent perpetuated. In most of the key battles of not just the Obama, Bush, and Clinton years but even of those going further back, Nixon’s footprints can be clearly seen. In cultural politics, too, Nixon’s impact on American life remains profound: he is the spiritual father of the now well-known Red-and-Blue division that continues to shadow our electoral map.

      It is the argument of this book, then, that Richard Nixon is the central figure behind the identification, articulation, and exploitation of America’s contemporary political divisions—between urbanites and city dwellers, liberals and conservatives, patriots and critics, and hawks and doves. But it is also the argument of this book that Nixon is the central figure in laying the template for transcending these divisions politically and electorally, and that the presidents who have followed him have failed to unite the electorate when they forgot Nixon’s lessons—when, as I put it, they didn’t listen to Nixon.