1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright Page

      4  Abbreviations

      5  Acknowledgments

      6  Map

      7  Introduction Which Mena? Why Mena? How to Read This Book Notes

      8  Part I: Context 1 Accounting for War in the Middle East and North Africa First Cut: Frequency of War Second Cut: Conflict Types Third Cut: Conflict Magnitude Conclusion Notes 2 The MENA Security Predicament MENA’s Wars and Levels-of-Analysis Problems A Historical Sociology of War and Conflict in MENA Conclusion: A View from Beirut Notes

      9  Part II: Conflict Traps Notes 3 Oil as Conflict Trap A Social History of Mena’s Oil Curse Oil and International Wars The Oil Price Cycle and Mena’s Regional Conflict Oil and Internal Wars Case Study: Oil and War in Libya Conclusion Notes 4 Identity as Conflict Trap Group Identities and States in the Middle East Ethnic Groups and the Equilibrium of Cooperation Why Ethnic War? Case Study: Making Ethnic War in Syria Conclusion Notes 5 Geopolitics as Conflict Trap Geopolitics as Practice and Discourse The Geopolitics of Colonialism Cold War Geopolitics and America’s Ascent Case Study: Pax Americana, Counterterrorism, and the Greater West Asian Crisis Conclusion Notes 6 Fragmentation, Integration, and War in the 2010s Proxy Wars and the Politics of Distant Proximities From Local Disputes to Civil War Libya Syria Yemen Networks Unwound A Thirty Years’ War? Notes 7 Peace and Peacemaking Defining Peace and Pursuing It The Evolution of MENA’s Peace Infrastructure Arab–Israeli Conflicts and the Question of Peace The Future of Peace, 2011 and Beyond Conclusion Notes

      10  Conclusion Notes

      11  Bibliography

      12  Index

      13  End User License Agreement

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Conflict-affected countries by fatalities, top twenty countries, 1989–2017Table 1.2 State, non-state, and one-sided violence in MENA, 1989–2017Table 1.3 Ten countries with the most terrorist events in 2018

      2 Chapter