Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia. Группа авторов
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the combined use of diazepam/ketamine is safe. Alternatively, propofol/ketamine is safe to use.
Guaifenesin may be used in seizure‐prone horses. Triple drip (α2‐ agonist/guaifenesin and ketamine combination) may be used for short diagnostic procedures with tracheal intubation and lung ventilation.
Suggested Reading
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2 Brosnan, R.J., LeCouteur, R.A., Steffey, E.P. et al. (2002). Direct measurement of intracranial pressure in adult horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63: 1252–1256.
3 Brosnan, R.J., Steffey, E.P., LeCouteur, R.A. et al. (2003). Effects of duration of isoflurane anesthesia and mode of ventilation on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 64: 1444–1448.
4 Brosnan, R.J., Steffey, E.P., LeCouteur, R.A. et al. (2003). Effects of ventilation and isoflurane end‐tidal concentration on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 64: 21–25.
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7 The Autonomic Nervous System
Christine Egger
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the portion of the central nervous system (CNS) that controls visceral functions such as arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory function, gastrointestinal (GI) motility and secretion, urinary bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, as well as a number of other important bodily functions.
I General organization of the ANS (functional anatomy)
The ANS is anatomically divided into the central and peripheral nervous system, and functionally divided into the sympathetic (adrenergic) nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic (cholinergic) nervous system (PNS).
A Central autonomic nervous system
The hypothalamus is the principle site of ANS integration (e.g. blood pressure control, thermoregulation, stress response).
The medulla oblongata and pons contain the centers for hemodynamic and ventilatory control.
B Peripheral autonomic nervous system
Pre‐ganglionic neurons are myelinated, rapidly conducting, originate in the CNS, and synapse in an autonomic ganglion.
Post‐ganglionic neurons are unmyelinated, slower conducting, arise from the autonomic ganglia, and are distributed to effector organs.
The SNS (paravertebral) ganglia are located nearer to the spinal cord than to the innervated organ, and the PNS ganglia are located in or near the innervated organ.
C Afferent input
The ANS centers in the brain stem act as relay stations for control of activities initiated at higher levels of the brain, such as the hypothalamus and cerebrum.
Visceral sensory signals entering the autonomic ganglia, spinal cord, brain stem, or hypothalamus elicit reflex responses which control the activity of visceral organs.
D