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sectors plays the key role in making it suitable for all classes of candidates. This unique property can be achieved through network-composite layer which enables to provide uniform access to all systems. This is made on the top of an overlay P2P (peer-to-peer) network.
IoT data can be traceable, i.e., its temporal and spatial information can be detected and verified/authenticated/validated when saved inside the memory device. This memory device is always associated to the timestamp which efficiently makes the data tracing at real-time. Also historical information can easily be retrieved.
Another combined features associated closely with IoT data are reliability and flexibility. It is the data which is considered as asset. Novel cryptographic mechanisms are incorporated in order to ensure the data integrity. This can be achieved through inclusion of hash functions, asymmetric encryption algorithms, and digital signature.
Interactions in automatic mode are another important property which ensures the capability of the system under consideration for mutual interaction with similar kind of systems, and the major advantage is that any trusted third party intervention is not at all required.
In today’s developing world, living in a house has become an important part of our day-to-day life. A substantial amount of resources as well as expenditure that we would carry might not always be pleasurable as there are various problems such as accidents caused in house with the lonely child or old-aged person. These accidents happened due to various human errors. Also, the problem that haunts all the people is the possibility of theft of the household appliances by unauthorized people. To overcome these challenges, there is a pressing need to develop automated smart home system [10] or smart homes. This can be reached using the IoT-based platforms and services.
Many applications have been developed using IoT methodologies. The platform for developing such technologies is Raspberry Pi, Arduino, or other microcontrollers [11, 12] which are responsible for controlling various operations. These systems can be controlled and monitored from a registered device which is present with the user and install with the household devices.
4.2 Home Automation System
In today’s life, we are very much comfortable to use wireless system, i.e., Wi-Fi. It is very much general for home network or public network system. Our traditional home system totally based on wired system. Every home appliances system such as light, fan, television, and refrigeration through connected wired system. A home automation system means controlling all home appliances through a Wi-Fi system which varying as per environment. Most of the traditional home electricity system based on wired and depends on inner building construction. To avoid this building and wiring cost, we can move toward an automated system based on Wi-Fi system to access the appliances from anywhere of the home as well as from the outside of the home also. An automated home electricity system defines as an automated one which not only accesses the electric devices for turn on and off even this system but also notifies about the status and internal condition of the system.
In India, most of the accident of electric appliances happened due to internal fault of wired system. In wired system, we have to maintain lots of control points. In most of the cases, the short falls happen from these control points. To avoid this type of accident, home automation system is one of the ways especially for those people who are aged and staying alone.
Home automation is a building automation for home. Home automation system will command or observe the home aspects such as various electrical appliances including lighting arrangements and entertainment systems. These automation devices are the essential parts of IoT. Centrally located server can control these automated systems, with proper internet connectivity and simultaneously the mobile-based applications also. Before getting into the details of home automation, let us take a closer look on IoT.
Automation means controlling several objects or tasks with minimum human labor. Home automation system using IoT refers to the way of operating our home appliances such as lights, fans, air conditioners, televisions, security, fire alarm, and many more appliances using our mobile phones, computers, or other gadgets through a connection to the internet. Several components are used to make such a model. Few of them are sensors, protocols, IoT clouds, and databases. We are making a primary list for significant components for the automation system.
4.2.1 Sensors
There are many sensors which can be used in our home automation system. A few of them are as follows:
Temperature sensors: They directly sense temperature and adjust our home temperature for us. They are also used in several appliances where they can automatically switch it off when it reaches a certain temperature.
Lux sensors: They measure the intensity of the lights and adjust it accordingly. For example, if we are watching any horror movie, then it senses and it dims the light to give us a theatre like movie experience. We can control it manually from our connected devices as well.
Sound detection sensor: They are very helpful in monitoring babies and switching the lights on or off for them. It can also automatically recognize the voices of the householders and open the gates for them.
There are also sensors which can open the blinds and windows during sunrise and shut them at sunset. Sensors can switch on our coffee machine and switch to our favourite news channel in the morning.
The commonly used programming languages in the development of automated homes are Python, C, JavaScript, Shell, etc.
Development of ancient homes to automated homes using IoT is making our lives much easier and comfortable. It is also converting our house to a smart home. It appears to be a very useful advancement in technology and is expected to grow in the near future. Though it is expensive, but it is also helping us in saving energies in different forms.
4.2.2 Protocols
The protocols considered for making any gateways, sensory systems, or servers are most important while dealing with any arbitrary home automation product. These protocols are used by all types of devices. At the end part of 20th century, these problems are solved by mostly using Bluetooth. Also, Wi-Fi and GSM networks are used but are not appropriate due to cellular internet connectivity. However, looking at the commonly preferred home automation protocols as follows:
Bluetooth low energy or Bluetooth smart: data encryption and decryption algorithms are embedded with different protocols used for wireless communications, and essentially security and mesh size become the crucial factors.
From security perspective, Z-wave is specialized for all types of home automation system.
Royalty is ensured with free protocol.
4.2.3 Technologies
Home automation is prevailing in a variety of domain; some of them includes the following:
Thermostat and air monitoring: Internet connectivity is essential to satisfy this requirement, and user-friendly device with that facility is incorporated for controlling purpose.
Lighting: Central computing systems or devices are incorporated through any smart network in order to provide efficient communication between different lighting inputs and outputs.
Home automation for elderly and disabled: It primarily concentrates on completing the required things/instructions which makes life easier for elderly and people with disabilities, so that they can make their livelihood comfortable.
Voice control: Amazon Alexa or Google home are very accepted devices for controlling as well as providing proper execution of instructions which are very much common and popular.
4.2.4 Advantages
Error probability reduced when IoT is implemented, as it senses the data perfectly, and corresponding actions are