Environment and Society. Paul Robbins
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List of Figures
1.1 Sandhill cranes of the Platte River. A half million of these birds congregate annually.
1.2 Heck Cattle, introduced to replace the extinct Aurochs.
2.1 Hypothesized demographic trends in a Malthusian conception. Limits of the environment, though they are amenable to steady increases resulting from growths in resource production, control human population trends with periods of high growth followed by periodic calamities and corrections that bring population back in line with the environment.
2.2 World population since 1750. Rapid increases in recent decades reflect exponential growth.
2.3 Global population growth rates. Population growth rates peaked in the 1960s and have steadily and continuously declined since then.
2.4 Population growth rates worldwide by country.
2.5 The demographic transition model. In theory, falling death rates lead to population growth, but as birth rates fall thereafter, the rate of growth slows, eventually ceasing when the two reach equilibrium.
2.6 National fertility and female literacy rates around the world: 2006. As female literacy increases, and along with it women’s autonomy and employment, fertility rates fall to replacement levels.
3.1 Environmental scarcity drives markets. Shell gas station operator Steve Grossi’s gasoline price board at his Shell station in Huntington Beach.
3.2 The market response model. In theory, scarcity of environmental goods and services sets into motion a series of adaptations to rising prices, actually resulting in increasing resource availability.
3.3 Regulation versus cap and trade. Both approaches result in net desired pollution reduction, but the cap-and-trade approach