Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Classic For Dummies. Rob Sylvan
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and Lightroom Classic can even perform a limited amount of editing (such as trimming, saving a still, and making color and tonal adjustments). For full video editing, you need to use a program like Adobe Premiere, but Lightroom can at least get the footage off the memory card and copied to your storage.
Making sense of bit depth
Numbers and math are part of any discussion of digital data — numbers are all that computers understand, after all. You don’t need to understand everything that computers do with these numbers, but a basic conceptual framework of what’s involved can help inform the decisions you make in your workflow. In the preceding section about file formats, I talk about how certain file formats can be 8 or 16 bits per channel. Let’s dig a little deeper.
At its core, bit depth translates into how much data is used to describe a single color (and what could be more important than that?). Further, when it comes to color and Lightroom, you’re only dealing with the RGB color model, which means that each color in an image is derived from a combination of three colors (called channels) — red, green, and blue. An integral concept to remember is that color is created only during output — when a color is displayed on your monitor or when ink hits paper. Cameras don’t capture in color; rather, they capture various levels of grayscale data in the red, green, and blue channels. Computers combine the grayscale data from each channel to display the color you see on your monitor. The more grayscale data is used to describe each red, green, and blue channel, the more colors it can create. Okay, so if the color of every pixel is determined by the combination of data stored in each color channel, and you can’t change the number of channels, the only variable you can control is the amount of data contained in each channel (the bit depth).
A bit is just a single unit of data, and in the digital realm, it has one of two possible values, 0 or 1, which you can think of as black or white. A single bit doesn’t give much data to describe color, so how about using two bits instead? If one bit allows for 0 or 1, two bits allows for additional combinations. Doubling the number of bits (2x2) gives you four possibilities. This translates into white, black, and two shades of gray in between. That still isn’t a lot of options to describe all the colors you want to capture, so how about jumping to 8 bits per channel? Now you have 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 possible combinations, which translates into 256 possible shades of gray for each channel (with white and black still being two of those possibilities). In an RGB image, that means 256 levels of gray for each red, each green, and each blue channel. When the three channels are combined, it allows for the creation of more than 16 million colors (256x256x256).
Cameras (and some scanners) can capture more than 8 bits per channel. In fact, if you are shooting raw, it’s more likely that your camera is capturing 12 bits per channel. If 8 bits per channel meant you had 256 shades of gray, 12 bits per channel (2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2) means you have 4,096 shades of gray per channel. Clearly, that’s a lot more data to work with! So if the camera is capturing that much data per channel, and you want to retain all that data for processing and editing, your only option is to shoot in raw format because the JPG format is limited to 8 bits per channel. You can also find higher-end DSLRs on the market that can capture 14 bits per channel.
I hope you are still with me, because all this number talk can get confusing. Keep in mind that 8 bits equals one byte. Data is stored only in full bytes, so this is why you only see the option to save files as either 8 or 16 bits per channel. Any file that has more than 8 bits of data is encoded in a 16-bit space. Think of 16 bits as simply a bigger container to hold data. When you have more data than will fit in an 8-bit container (that is, 10, 12, or 14 bits), it has to be put in the next size up, which is 16. Make sense?
Understanding color spaces
In the previous section, I mention that both versions of Lightroom deal only with the RGB color model, and I show that the number of gray levels that can be expressed by each channel determines the number of possible colors that can be represented. All great info, but none of it tells what actual color any combination of red, green, and blue will represent. To do that, the computer needs to know what color space is being represented. A color space defines the range of colors (called its gamut) an image can contain within a given color model (in this case, RGB) and assigns each color within that range a specific numeric value. You will encounter the following color spaces in camera settings and software when you deal with digital photos:
sRGB: Contains the narrowest range, or gamut, of colors between these three color spaces. However, this narrow gamut is closest to the range of colors that most display devices are capable of reproducing. sRGB is also the color space best suited for photos being viewed on the web, which means this is most commonly used for JPG files.
Adobe RGB (1998): Although it possesses the same number of colors as sRGB, Adobe RGB (1998) covers a wider gamut (meaning it has more colors at the more-saturated end of the visual spectrum than sRGB has). This color space was created to match the wider gamut of the offset press better. Adobe RGB (1998) is a more common choice for use with 8-bits-per-channel file formats because it contains more of these more-saturated colors than sRGB.
Display P3: A newer arrival on the color space scene, Display P3 was created by Apple as an alternative to sRGB for displays. It contains a wider gamut than Adobe RGB, but where Adobe RGB has more saturated colors (compared to sRGB) toward the blue and green ends of the spectrum, Display P3 contains more toward the yellow and red ends. Newer devices like iMacs, iPads, and even devices in the Surface line from Microsoft have P3 displays.
ProPhoto RGB: Primarily used with 16-bits-per-channel file formats, the ProPhoto RGB color space contains more colors (more shades of gray per channel) than 8-bits-per-channel files, and it has a significantly wider gamut than either Adobe RGB or sRGB — wide enough to contain all the colors your camera can capture.
Part 2
Managing Your Photos with Lightroom Classic
IN THIS PART …
Importing photos.
Accessing photos in the Library.
Organizing your photos.
Using the Library module’s advanced features.
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