Life in the Open Ocean. Joseph J. Torres

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Life in the Open Ocean - Joseph J. Torres


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or polypoid affinities. Once the concept of a floating colony of individuals working together as a single entity is mastered, a lexicon of terminology replete with historical changes needs to be assimilated before life‐history questions can be resolved. How does a colony develop from a single propagule? How do the various bits and pieces work together? Fortunately, some of the great minds in the history of biology have been fascinated by the group: Ernst Haeckel for example. And two very cogent reviews of the group by some of the best talent in gelatinous zooplankton biology (Mackie et al. 1987; Pugh 1999) are invaluable resources.

      Terminology and Affinities of Siphonophore “Persons”

      As Hyman (1940) notes, siphonophore colonies represent the highest degree of polymorphism in the Cnidaria. Terminology is critical to understanding siphonophores. Individuals within the siphonophore colony are known usually as “zooids” or “persons.” To begin, it is best to differentiate between the polypoid and medusoid forms making up the individuals in the siphonophore colony.

Schematic illustration of examples of the three suborders of siphonophores.

      Sources: (a) Pugh (1999), figure 3.2 (p. 495); (b) Pugh (1999), figure 3.1 (p. 495); (c) Pugh (1999), figure 3.16 (p. 497); (d) Kaestner (1967), figure 4‐35 (p.75); (f) Adapted from Alvarino (1983), figure 1 (p. 342).

      Dactylozooids resemble gastrozooids without a mouth (Figure 3.26b). They usually have a simple basal tentacle instead of one bearing tentilla and are often called palpons. Dactylozooids may sometimes resemble nothing more than a large, particularly robust tentacle, particularly when they are associated with gonozooids. In those cases they are known as gonopalpons.

      Source: Totton (1965), A Synopsis of the Siphonophora, British Museum of Natural History.

Family Genus
Suborder Cystonectae
1. Physaliidae Physalia
2. Rhizophysidae Rhizophysa, Bathyphysa, Epibulia
Suborder Physonectae
3. Apolemiidae Apolemia
4. Agalmidae Agalma, Halistemma, Cordagalma Marrus, Moseria, Nanomia, Erenna, Lychnagalma
5. Pyrostephidae Pyrostephos, Bargmannia
6. Physophoridae Physophora
7. Athorybiidae Athorybia, Melophysa
8. Rhodaliidae Rhodalia, Stephalia, Angelopsis, Archangelopsis, Dromalia
9. Forskaliidae Forskalia
Suborder Calycophorae
10. Prayidae
Amphicaryoninae Amphicaryon, Maresearsia
Prayinae Rosacea, Praya, Prayoides, Lilyopsis, Desmophyes, Stephanophyses
Nectopyramidinae Nectophyramis
11. Hippopodiidae Hippopodius, Vogtia
12. Diphyidae
Sulculeolariinae Sulculeolaria
Diphyinae Diphyes, Lensia, Muggiaea, Dimophyes, Chelophyes, Eudoxoides, Eudoxia
13. Clausophyidae Clausophyes, Chuniphyes, Crystallophyes, Heterophyramis, Thalassophyes
14. Sphaeronectidae Sphaeronecties
15. Abylidae
Abylinae Ceratocymba, Abyla
Abylopsinae Abylopsis, Bassia, Enneagonum

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