Wheat. Peter R. Shewry

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Wheat - Peter R. Shewry


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Soil water stored from monsoon. Temperate. 5A Spring High rainfall. Hot (coolest month > 17.5 °C). 5B Spring Irrigated. Hot. 6 Spring Moderate rainfall. Winter would kill wheat. Coolest month < –10 °C. 7 Facultative Irrigated. Cool. 8A Facultative, daylength sensitive High rainfall. Cool. 8B Facultative, daylength insensitive High rainfall. Cool. 9 Facultative Low rainfall (< 500 mm available to crop). Cool. 10A Winter Irrigated. Cold winter. 10B Winter Rainfall + irrigation. Cold winter. 11A Winter, daylength sensitive High rainfall. Cold winter. 11B Winter, daylength insensitive High rainfall. Cold winter. 12 Winter Low rainfall. Cold winter, hot summer.
Decimal growth stages (DGS) according to Zadoks et al. (1974) The scale of Feekes (1941)
Major growth phases Major division Minor divisions described by n Score Description Equivalent DGS score
Germination 0n n indicates development before leaf emergence i.e. from dry seed (n = 0) to first leaf at coleoptile tip (n = 9)
Leaf production 1n n is the number of unfolded leaves on the main stem to a max. n = 9 1 Seedling emergence to three leaf stage 10–13
Tiller production 2n n is the number of tillers with their own unfolded leaf to a max. n = 9 2 Start of tillering 21–25
3 End of tillering 26–29
Stem extension 3n n is the number of nodes to a max. of 6, then n = 7 for flag leaf just visible, and n = 9 flag leaf unfolded 4 Leaf sheaths lengthen 30
5 Leaf sheaths strongly erect 30
6 One node detectable 31
7 Two nodes detectable 32
8 Flag leaf just visible 37
9 Flag leaf emerged 39
Booting 4n n indicates degree of swelling of the boot 10 Booting 45
Ear emergence 5n n indicates proportion of ear or ears emerged 10.5 Full ear emergence 59
Anthesis 6n n indicates degree of completion 10.51 Start of anthesis 60
Grain expansion 7n i.e. droplet exuded when caryopsis squeezed changes from watery (n = 1) to milky (n = 7) 10.54 Caryopsis water ripe 71
11.1 Caryopsis milky ripe 75
Dough development 8n i.e. no droplet exuded from squeezed caryopsis, thumbnail imprint not retained (n = 3) to thumbnail imprint retained (n = 5+) 11.2 Soft dough 85
Ripening 9n Grain dry enough to harvest (n = 2) to seed with no primary dormancy (n = 7) 11.4 Harvest ripe 92

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