Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology. Kirk N. Gelatt
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Selected chapters from the sixth edition of Veterinary Ophthalmology (2021) were used in the preparation of the chapters for this fourth edition of the Essentials. These chapters and their authors are listed below:
Chapter 1: Ocular Embryology and Congenital Malformations (Cynthia S. Cook)
Chapter 2: Ophthalmic Anatomy (Jessica M. Meekins, Amy J. Rankin, and Don A. Samuelson)
Chapter 3: Physiology of the Eye (Diane V.H. Hendrix, Sara M. Thomasy, and Glenwood G. Gum)
Chapter 4: Optics and Physiology of Vision (Ron Ofri and Björn Ekesten)
Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Animal Vision (Björn Ekesten and Ron Ofri)
Chapter 8: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Alain Regnier, Alison Clode, Erin M. Scott, Amy J. Rankin, Ian P. Herring, and Caryn E. Plummer)
Chapter 10: Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostics
Part 1: The Eye Examination and Diagnostic Procedures (Heidi I. Featherstone and Christine L. Heinrich)
Part 2: Ocular Imaging (David Donaldson and Claudia Hartley)
Part 3: Diagnostic Ophthalmic Ultrasound (Ellison Bentley, Stefano Pizzirani, and Kenneth R. Waller, III)
Part 4: Clinical Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of the Visual System (Gil Ben‐Shiomo)
Chapter 11: Ophthalmic Genetics and DNA Testing (Simon M. Peterson‐Jones)
Chapter 14: Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Orbit (Simon A. Pot, Katrin Voelter, and Patrick Kircher)
Chapter 15: Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Eyelids (Frans C. Stades and Alexandra Van der Woerdt)
Chapter 16: Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Nasolacrimal System (Lynne S. Sandmeyer and Bruce H. Grahn)
Chapter 17: Disease and Surgery of the Canine Lacrimal Secretory System (Elizabeth A. Giuliano)
Chapter 18: Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane (Claudia Hartley and Diane V.H. Hendrix)
Chapter 19: Canine Cornea and Sclera – Diseases and Surgery (R. David Whitley and Ralph E. Hamor)
Chapter 20: The Canine Glaucomas (Caryn E. Plummer, András M. Komáromy, and Kirk N. Gelatt)
Chapter 21: Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Anterior Uvea (Diane V.H. Hendrix)
Chapter 22: Diseases of the Lens and Cataract Formation (Marta Leiva and Teresa Peña)
Chapter 23: Surgery of the Lens (Tammy Miller Michau)
Chapter 24: Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Vitreous (Michael H. Boevé and Frans C. Stades)
Chapter 25: Diseases of the Canine Ocular Fundus (Simon M. Petersen‐Jones and Freya Mowat)
Chapter 26: Surgery of the Canine Posterior Segment (Allison R. Hoffman, Joseph C. Wolfer, Samuel J. Vainisi, and András M. Komáromy)
Chapter 27: Disease of the Canine Optic Nerve (Gillian J. McLellan)
Chapter 28: Feline Ophthalmology (Mary Belle Glaze, David J. Maggs, and Caryn E. Plummer)
Chapter 29: Equine Ophthalmology (Caryn E. Plummer)
Chapter 30: Food and Fiber Animal Ophthalmology (Bianca C. Martins)
Chapter 31: Avian Ophthalmology (Lucien V. Vallone and Thomas J. Kern)
Chapter 32: Ophthalmology of the New World Camelids (Juliet R. Gionfriddo and Ralph E. Hamor)
Chapter 33: Laboratory Animal Ophthalmology (Seth Eaton)
Chapter 34: Small Mammal Ophthalmology (David L. Williams)
Chapter 35: Exotic Animal Ophthalmology (Thomas J. Kern)
Chapter 36: Neuro‐Ophthalmology (Aubrey A. Webb and Cheryl L. Cullen)
Chapter 37: Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease (Aubrey A. Webb and Cheryl L. Cullen)
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1 Development and Morphology of the Eye and Adnexa
Revised from 6th edition of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Chapter 1: Ocular Embryology and Congenital Malformations, by Cynthia S. Cook; and Chapter 2: Ophthalmic Anatomy, by Jessica M. Meekins, Amy J. Rankin, and Don A. Samuelson
Section I: Development of the Eye and Adnexa
Ocular development has been investigated in some detail in rodents, the dog, and the cow, and demonstrates that the sequence of developmental events is very similar across species. When comparing these studies, one should consider differences in duration of gestation, differences in anatomical end point (e.g., presence of a tapetum, macula, or Schlemm's canal), and when eyelid fusion breaks (during the sixth month of gestation in the human versus two weeks postnatal in the dog and cow) (Tables 1.1 and 1.2).
Gastrulation and Neurulation
Cellular mitosis following fertilization results in transformation of the single‐cell zygote into a cluster of 12–16 cells. With continued cellular proliferation, this morula becomes a blastocyst, containing a fluid‐filled cavity. The cells of the blastocyst will form both the embryo proper and the extraembryonic tissues (i.e., amnion and chorion). At this early stage, the embryo is a bilaminar disc, consisting of hypoblast and epiblast. This embryonic tissue divides the blastocyst space into the amniotic cavity (adjacent to epiblast) and the yolk sac (adjacent to hypoblast).
Gastrulation (formation of the mesodermal germ layer) begins during day 10 of gestation in the dog (day 7 in the mouse; days 15–20 in the human). The primitive streak forms as a longitudinal groove within the epiblast (i.e., future ectoderm). Epiblast cells migrate toward the primitive streak, where they invaginate to form the mesoderm. This forms the three classic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation proceeds in a cranial‐to‐caudal progression; simultaneously, the cranial surface ectoderm proliferates, forming bilateral elevations called the neural folds (i.e., future