На заре человечества: Неизвестная история наших предков. Николас Уэйд
Читать онлайн книгу.
id="c1">
1
Genesis 3: 7, 21.
2
Ralf Kitiler, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, "Molecular Evolution of Pediculus Humanus and the Origin of Clothing," Current Biology 13:1414–1417 (2003). Ряд специалистов оспаривает точность описанного исследования. Если их возражения обоснованы, дата изобретения одежды и появления платяной вши должна значительно отодвинуться вглубь времен, вплоть до 500 000 лет назад.
David L. Reed et al., "Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Hu mans," Public Library of Science Biology 2:1972–1983 (2004); Nicholas Wade, "What a Story Lice Can Tell," New York Times, October 5, 2004, p. F1.
3
Feng-Chi Chen and Wen-Hsiung Li, "Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Hu mans and Chimpanzees," American Journal of Human Genetics 68:444–456 (2001).
4
Pascal Gagneux et al., "Mitochondrial Sequences Show Diverse Evolutionary Histories of African Hominoids," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:5077–5082 (1999).
5
Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 251. Если не указано иначе, палеоантропологические и археологические факты почерпнуты в основном из этой всеобъемлющей и ясной книги или из основанного на ней более популярного сочинения, The Dawn of Human Culture by Richard G. Klein and Blake Edgar, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
6
Chen and Li, "Genomic Divergences." Число различий в ДНК между двумя видами зависит от размера предковой популяции и от срока (в поколениях), в течение которого виды расходятся. Если продолжительность поколения и период в годах, истекший после разветвления, известны, генетики могут оценить так называемый эффективный размер популяции. Это теоретическая величина, которую нужно умножать на коэффициент от двух до пяти, чтобы получить реальную численность.
7
P S. Rodman, in Adaptations for Foraging in Non-human Primates, Columbia University Press 1984, pp. 134–160, cited in Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Black-well, 1995, p. 140.
8
Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1999, figure 8.3, p. 580.
9
Roger Lewin and Robert A. Foley, Principles of Human Evolution, 2 nd ed., Blackwell 2004, p. 450.
10
Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Blackwell, 1995, p. 170.
11
Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, p. 292.
12
Richard Wrangham, "Out of the Pan, Into the Fire," in Frans В. M. De-Waal, ed., Tree of Origin, Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 137.
13
Richard G. Klein and Blake Edgar, The Dawn of Human Culture, Wiley, 2002, p. 100; Robert A. Foley, "Evolutionary Perspectives," in W. G. Runciman, ed., The Origin of Human Social Institutions, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 171–196.
14
Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, p. 292.
15
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2nd edition 1874, p. 58.
16
Mark Pagel and Walter Bodmer, "A Naked Ape Would Have Fewer Parasites," Proceedings of the Royal Society В (Suppl.) 270: S117-S119 (2003).
17
Rosalind M. Harding et al., "Evidence for Variable Selective Pressures at MC1R," American Journal of Human Genetics 66:1351–1361 (2000).
18
Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin, "The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration," Journal of Human Evolution 39:57–106 (2000).
19
Alan R. Rogers, David Litis, and Stephen Wooding, "Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time Since Loss of Human Body Hair," Current Anthropology 45:105–108 (2004).
20
Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin, "Skin," Scientific American 74:72–79 (2002).
21
Arthur H. Neufeld and Glenn C. Conroy, "Human Head Hair Is Not Fur," Evolutionary Anthropology 13:89 (2004); B. Thierry, "Hair Grows to Be Cut," Evolutionary Anthropology 14:5 (2005); Alison Jolly, "Hair Signals,"Evolutionary Anthropology 14:5 (2005).
22
Hermelita Winter et al., "Human Type I Hair Keratin Pseudogene phihHaA. Has Functional Orthologs in the Chimpanzee and Gorilla: Evidence for Recent Inactivation of the Human Gene After the Pan-Homo Divergence." Human Genetics 108:37–42 (2001).
23
R. X. Zhu et al., "New Evidence on the Earliest Human Presence at High Northern Latitudes in Northeast Asia," Nature 431:559–562 (2004).
24
Robert Foley, Humans before Humanity, Blackwell, 1995, p. 75.
25
Richard G. Klein, "Archeology and the Evolution of Human Behavior," Evolutionary Anthropology 9 (1): 17–36 (2000).
26
Richard Klein and Blake Edgar, The Dawn of Human Culture, p. 192.
&