English for Astronomers. Учебно-методические рекомендации для технических специальностей. Бахытжан Саякова
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a scientist who studies astronomy
2. ____________________a piece of equipment shaped like a tube, containing lenses, that you look through to make objects that are far away appear larger and nearer.
3. _________________a large ball of bur ning gas in space that we see as a point of light in the sky at night
4. ______________________ the star that shines in the sky during the day and gives the earth heat and light
5. _____________________ the system of stars that contains our sun and its planets seen as a bright band in the night sky.
6. ____________________a piece of rock from outer space that makes a bright line across the night sky as it burns up while falling through the earth’s atmosphere.
7. ____________________ a mass of ice and dust that moves around the sun and looks like a bright star with a tail.
8. ___________________ the whole of space and everything in it, including the earth, the planets and stars.
9. ___________________ the world; the planet that we live on.
10. ___________________a large planet in the solar system that has rings around it and is 6th in order or distance from the sun.
11. ____________________ The space above the earth that you can see when you look up, where clouds and the sun, moon and stars appear.
12. ___________________ The act of watching somebody or something carefully for a period of time, especially to learn something
Exercise 8
Read and translate the following text using the words below:
New words
The Moon is the brightest object in the nighttime sky. Thus, it is one of the first observation targets of amateur astronomers. Its motion through the sky is not simple; however, it is easily observed due to its rapid motion and close proximity to the Earth. Apart from daily rotation together with the entire universe, the Moon moves about 1° across the sky (with respect to the stars) every 2 hours; it moves nearly 12° every day. Taking its angular diameter, to be 0.5° we can conclude that it moves a distance (with respect to the stars) of about equal to its own diameter every hour.
The angle between the plane of the orbit of the Moon around the Earth and the plane of the orbit of the Sun around the Earth (the ecliptic) is 5°. Since the angle is small, it causes the Moon to stay near the ecliptic as observed from the Earth. The ecliptic is the plane of the virtual orbit of the Sun around the Earth (recall that the Sun appears to revolve around the Earth when it is observed from the Earth). It takes the Moon a little more than 27 days to revolve around the Earth once, in the reference frame of the distant stars (fixed stars). This period is called the side- real period. Observing from the Earth, we will measure about 29.5 days for the Moon to complete its full cycle of phases. For example: The time needed from one full Moon phase to the next is about 29.5 days. This period is called the synodic periodor the lunar month. The phase of the Moon depends on the relative alignment of the Moon, Earth and Sun. After one complete circle around the Earth (one lunar month) is completed, the Moon requires extra time to reach the initial Moon – Earth – Sun alignment because of the motion of the Earth around the Sun. From Earth’s surface we can only observe the same side of the Moon; the other side of the moon is not visible from Earth. Since the rotation period of the Moon about its own axis is equal to its period of revolution around the Earth. This type of motion is common in the universe and is called synchronous rotation.
а) The Phases of the Moon
One more difference between the Moon and the stars in the sky is that the Moon does not emit its own light, instead it reflects the sunlight. Thus we can only see the portion of the Moon that is able to reflect sunlight. This makes the Moon appear to take on different shapes which are called the phases of the Moon. We have a moonless night when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth, because the Moon is unable to reflect the sunlight. This phase of the Moon is called the new moon. If you want to observe the true shape of the Moon, you have to wait until the Moon is directly opposite the Sun. This phase, in which the full shape of the Moon is observed is called the full moon. The position of the moon relative to Earth and the Sun. We always observe the same side of the Moon from Earth. When the moon is opposite the Sun it is said to be in opposition, when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun, the configuration is called the conjunction. The configuration in which the Moon is in a position 90° from the Earth-Sun line is said to be in quadrature. In one complete cycle there is one opposition, one conjunction and two quadratures. Exactly half of the Moon is observable in quadrature. If the observable portion of the Moon is less than half, it is called a crescent, and if more than half is observable it is called gibbous. If the Moon is observed to be exactly one half of a circle, it will either be the first quarteror third quarter. From the new moon phase to the full moon phase, the thickness of the observed portion of the moon increases, and starts to decrease from the full moon until the new moon. Starting from the new moon; the phases of the Moon are: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent, and finally, new moon.
Exercise 9
Answer the following questions:
1. Define the motions of the Moon and the Sun with respect to the entire sky?
2. What is the difference between the sidereal period and the synodic period of the moon?
3. What are the phases of the Moon?
4. Why don’t we see eclipses every month?
Exercise 10
Read the text and mark the sentences T (true) or F (False)
1. It takes the Moon a little more than 29 days to revolve around the Earth once.
2. Observing from the Earth, we will measure about 29.5 days for the Moon to complete its full cycle of phases.
3. The phase of the Moon depends on the relative alignment of the Moon, Earth and Sun.
4. From Earth’s surface we can only observe the same side of the Moon.
5. The Moon does not emit its own light, instead it reflects the sunlight.
6. The phase, in which the full shape of the Moon is observed is called the full moon.
7. We have a moonless night when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.
8. If the observable portion of the Moon is less than half, it is called a crescent.
9. The configuration in which the Moon is in a position 80° from the Earth-Sun line is said to be in quadrature.
10. Exactly quarter of the Moon is observable in quadrature.
Exercise 11
Translate the following word combinations into Kazakh (Russian)
the brightest object, rapid motion, close proximity to the Earth, angular diameter, the distant stars, the side real period, observing from the Earth, full cycle of phases, synodic period or lunar, extra time, observe the same side of the Moon, is not visible from Earth, period of revolution, around the Earth, synchronous rotation, the portion of the Moon, to reflect sunlight, different shape, a moonless night, unable to reflect the sunlight, the true shape of the Moon, half of the Moon is observable, to decrease from the full moon, waxing gibbous, waning gibbous, waning crescent.
Exercise 1 2
Make the sentences interrogative and negative:
1. There are billions of galaxies in the universe.
2. Everybody is an astronomer in fact.
3. A careful observer can make out five planets of our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
4. The Milky Way galaxy consists of about 400 billion stars.
5. The entire universe is rotating around the Earth!
6. Meteors