English Grammar For Dummies. Woods Geraldine
Читать онлайн книгу.
or something else – put that section on your “to read” list.
❯❯ Now get more specific. Zero in on the sections you may need in the detailed Table of Contents, which follows the Contents at a Glance. Again, choose whatever you like.
❯❯ Check out the last section of Chapter 1, where I present some grammar questions and the chapters that answer them. Read the chapters that correspond to the questions that stump you.
❯❯ Also keep an eye out for pop quizzes. Try the questions, and if you know the answers, skip that section. If you make a mistake, spend some quality time in that chapter.
❯❯ You can also ignore everything in the preceding bullets and simply flip through the book. If something catches your eye, stop. Read, learn, and have fun!
Part 1
Building a Firm Foundation: The Parts of the Sentence
IN THIS PART …
Become familiar with the conventions of formal and informal language when speaking, texting, and writing.
Figure out how sentences are constructed, starting with verbs.
Identify the subjects in sentences.
Learn how to build complete and coherent sentences.
Explore an important building block of sentences: the complement.
Chapter 1
Using the Right Words at the Right Time
IN THIS CHAPTER
❯❯ Distinguishing between grammar rules and style guidelines
❯❯ Choosing language to suit your audience, message, and medium
❯❯ Using grammar-checking apps and programs effectively
In the Middle Ages, grammar meant the study of Latin, the language of choice for educated people. In fact, grammar was so closely associated with Latin that the word referred to any kind of learning. This meaning of grammar shows up when people of grandparent-age and older talk about their grammar school, not their elementary school. The term grammar school is a leftover from the old days. The very old days.
These days the word grammar refers to the nuts and bolts of language, specifically, how words are put together to create meaning. Most people also apply the term to a set of rules you have to follow in order to speak and write better. However, the definition of better changes according to situation, purpose, and audience.
In this chapter, I show you the difference between formal and informal English and explain when each is called for. I also tell you what apps, speech-to-text, and word-processing programs can and can’t do to help you write proper English. I also give you some pointers about generally accepted grammar for texting, tweeting, emailing, and other forms of electronic communication.
What This Year’s Sentence Is Wearing: Understanding Grammar and Style
Fresh from the shower, you’re standing in front of your closet. What should you select? Some options aren’t open to you. You can’t show up at work wearing nothing – not if you want to keep your job and, in addition, stay out of jail. That’s a law (in the real world) and a rule (in the world of grammar). You can choose a bright purple jacket and a fluorescent green scarf. The fashion police may object, but real cops will leave you alone. In both the real world and Grammar Land, this sort of decision is a matter of style. A style point is more flexible than a grammar rule. Take that jacket-scarf selection. Your friends may stare and suggest a subtler color combination, or they may praise you for team loyalty if your school colors are purple and green and you’re cheering at a pep rally.
The grammar rules of proper English can and do change, but not often – maybe a few times every 500 years. (Sometimes people break grammar rules on purpose. See the next section, “Distinguishing Between the Three Englishes,” for more information.) Style, on the other hand, shifts much more frequently. A sentence from the early 20th century may look odd to 21st century readers, and a sentence from the 19th century will seem even stranger. Style also changes with context. Science publications and literary journals, for example, capitalize titles differently. Geography matters, too. In the United States, a comma often appears before and in a list of three or more items. British writers generally omit that comma.
These examples illustrate the difference between grammar and style:
SENTENCE: Am going basketball game I to the.
WHAT’S WRONG: The word order is scrambled.
GRAMMAR OR STYLE? Grammar.
CORRECTED SENTENCE: I am going to the basketball game.
SENTENCE: She was born on March 18 2009.
WHAT’S WRONG: Most writers would insert a comma after 18.
GRAMMAR OR STYLE? Style. Some writers prefer a completely different format for the date.
CORRECTED SENTENCE: She was born on March 18, 2009. Or, She was born on 18 March 2009.
SENTENCE: Them enjoy playing baseball.
WHAT’S WRONG: The word them isn’t appropriate for that spot in the sentence. (Why? Check Chapter 8.)
GRAMMAR OR STYLE: Grammar.
CORRECTED SENTENCE: They enjoy playing baseball.
SENTENCE: Ann spends too much time surfing the Internet.
WHAT’S WRONG: When it was first invented, “Internet” was generally capitalized. These days, many publications prefer lowercase (internet).
GRAMMAR OR STYLE: Style.
CORRECTED SENTENCE: Ann spends too much time surfing the internet.
Distinguishing Between the Three Englishes
Good grammar sounds like a great idea, but good is tough to pin down. Why? Because you know several “Englishes,” and the language that works in one situation is not suitable in another. Here’s what I mean. Imagine that you’re hungry. What do you say or write?
Wanna get something to eat? or c u in caf?
Do you feel like getting a sandwich?
Will you accompany me to the dining room?
These statements illustrate the three Englishes of everyday life. I call them friendspeak, conversational English, and formal English.
Before you choose, you need to know where you are and what’s going on. Most important, you need to know your audience.