The History of Rome, Book IV. Theodor Mommsen
Читать онлайн книгу.
of course, we do not mean to deny that similar vases were manufactured in Corinth and Delos themselves.
28
III. X. Course Pursued with Pergamus
29
III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus
30
III. X. Course Pursued with Pergamus
31
Several letters recently brought to light (Munchener Sitzungsberichte, 1860, p. 180 et seq.) from the kings Eumenes II, and Attalus II to the priest of Pessinus, who was uniformly called Attis (comp. Polyb. xxii. 20), very clearly illustrate these relations. The earliest of these and the only one with a date, written in the 34th year of the reign of Eumenes on the 7th day before the end of Gorpiaeus, and therefore in 590-1 u. c. offers to the priest military aid in order to wrest from the Pesongi (not otherwise known) temple-land occupied by them. The following, likewise from Eumenes, exhibits the king as a party in the feud between the priest of Pessinus and his brother Aiorix. Beyond doubt both acts of Eumenes were included among those which were reported at Rome in 590 et seq. as attempts on his part to interfere further in Gallic affairs, and to support his partisans in that quarter (Polyb. xxxi. 6, 9; xxxii. 3, 5). On the other hand it is plain from one of the letters of his successor Attalus that the times had changed and his wishes had lowered their tone. The priest Attis appears to have at a conference at Apamea obtained once more from Attalus the promise of armed assistance; but afterwards the king writes to him that in a state council held for the purpose, at which Athenaeus (certainly the known brother of the king), Sosander, Menogenes, Chlorus, and other relatives (—anagkaioi—) had been present, after long hesitation the majority had at length acceded to the opinion of Chlorus that nothing should be done without previously consulting the Romans; for, even if a success were obtained, they would expose themselves to its being lost again, and to the evil suspicion "which they had cherished also against his brother" (Eumenes II.).
32
In the same testament the king gave to his city Pergamus "freedom," that is the —demokratia—, urban self-government. According to the tenor of a remarkable document that has recently been found there (Staatsrecht, iii(3). p. 726) after the testament was opened, but before its confirmation by the Romans, the Demos thus constituted resolved to confer urban burgess-rights on the classes of the population hitherto excluded from them, especially on the -paroeci- entered in the census and on the soldiers dwelling in town and country, including the Macedonians, in order thus to bring about a good understanding among the whole population. Evidently the burgesses, in confronting the Romans with this comprehensive reconciliation as an accomplished fact, desired, before the Roman rule was properly introduced, to prepare themselves against it and to take away from the foreign rulers the possibility of using the differences of rights within the population for breaking up its municipal freedom.
33
These strange "Heliopolites" may, according to the probable opinion which a friend has expressed to me, be accounted for by supposing that the liberated slaves constituted themselves citizens of a town Heliopolis—not otherwise mentioned or perhaps having an existence merely in imagination for the moment—which derived its name from the God of the Sun so highly honoured in Syria.
34
III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus
35
III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus
36
III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus
37
III. X. Intervention in the Syro-Egyptian War
38
III. IX. Armenia
39
From him proceed the coins with the inscription "Shekel Israel," and the date of the "holy Jerusalem," or the "deliverance of Sion." The similar coins with the name of Simon, the prince (Nessi) of Israel, belong not to him, but to Bar-Cochba the leader of the insurgents in the time of Hadrian.
40
III. III. Illyrian Piracy
41
IV. I. New Organization of Spain
42
III. X. Intervention in the Syro-Egyptian War
43
In 537 the law restricting re-election to the consulship was suspended during the continuance of the war in Italy, that is, down to 551 (p. 14; Liv. xxvii. 6). But after the death of Marcellus in 546 re-elections to the consulship, if we do not include the abdicating consuls of 592, only occurred in the years 547, 554, 560, 579, 585, 586, 591, 596, 599, 602; consequently not oftener in those fifty-six years than, for instance, in the ten years 401-410. Only one of these, and that the very last, took place in violation of the ten years' interval (i. 402); and beyond doubt the singular election of Marcus Marcellus who was consul in 588 and 599 to a third consulship in 602, with the special circumstances of which we are not acquainted, gave occasion to the law prohibiting re-election to the consulship altogether (Liv. Ep. 56); especially as this proposal must have been introduced before 605, seeing that it was supported by Cato (p. 55, Jordan).
44
III. XI. The Nobility in Possession of the Equestrian Centuries
45
III. XI. Festivals
46
IV. I. General Results
47
III. XII. Results
48
I. XIII. Landed Proprietors
49
It was asserted even then, that the human race in that quarter was pre-eminently fitted for slavery by its especial power of endurance. Plautus (Trin. 542) commends the Syrians: -genus quod patientissitmum est hominum-.
50
III. XII. Rural Slaves ff., III. XII. Culture of Oil and Wine, and Rearing of Cattle
51
III. XII. Pastoral Husbandry
52
III. I. The Carthaginian Dominion in Africa
53
The hybrid Greek name for the workhouse (-ergastulum-, from —ergaszomai—, after the analogy of -stabulum-, -operculum-) is an indication that this mode of management came to the Romans from a region where the Greek language was used, but at a period when a thorough Hellenic culture was not yet attained.
54
III. VI. Guerilla War in Sicily
55
III. XII. Falling Off in the Population
56
IV. I. War against Aristonicus
57
IV. I. Cilicia
58
Even now there are not unfrequently found in front of Castrogiovanni, at the point where the ascent is least abrupt, Roman projectiles with the name of the consul of 621: L. Piso L. f. cos.
59
II. III. Licinio-Sextian Laws
60
III. I. Capital and Its Power in Carthage
61
II. III. Influence of the Extension of the Roman Dominion in Elevating the Farmer-Class
62
III. XI. Assignations of Land
63
II. II. Public Land
64
III. XII. Falling Off of the Population
65
IV. II. Permanent Criminal Commissions
66
III. XI. Position of the Governors
67
III. IX. Death of Scipio
68
III. XI. Reform of the Centuries
69
III. VII. Gracchus
70
IV. I. War against Aristonicus
71
IV. I. Mancinus
72
II. III. Licinio-Sextian Laws
73
II. III. Its Influence in Legislation
74
IV. I. War against Aristonicus
75
II. III. Attempts at Counter-Revolution
76
This fact, hitherto