zbay, Leyla Neyzi, and Peter Taylor were generous in their hospitality, their collegial counsel and advice, and their sharing of friends and family. Parts of this book germinated in conversations over dinner or while relaxing in their homes. Fulbright Senior Research Fellow Daniel Bates and his wife Judith, Roger Samuel and Virginia Johnston, Istanbul Director of American Research Institute in Turkey Tony Greenwood and Gülen Aptas, Orhan and Pamela Saroz, and the whole
akmak family and kinswoman Nergis
akiro
lu offered their hospitality and friendship. Rutz is especially grateful to his Turkish language teacher Sabahat Sansa, who persevered in the classroom while teaching him much about Turkish culture. Balkan is grateful to Sungur Savran for his support and thoughtful comments. Rutz is grateful to Bonnie Urciuoli for many stimulating conversations that have influenced the argument of the book. Robin Vanderwall formatted this book and stimulated further conversation about its content.
Taped interviews and the Istanbul Socioeconomic Household Survey were a main part of our early research design. We would be remiss if we did not acknowledge a major contribution of the following parents, educators, teachers, tutors, and school owners who submitted to taped interviews: H
l
ar; Ye
e G
ik
kte transcribed and translated the taped interviews. Baran Tekkora and Taylan Baykut helped Balkan format and put into computer form the raw data from the Istanbul Socioeconomic Household Survey.
We are grateful to Doris Rutz and Ne
ecan Balkan for improving the argument of this book by their thoughtful and careful editing of each chapter and also by their careful questioning that led to numerous redactions of the final manuscript. Without their continuous support, this project would not have been possible.
INTRODUCTION
It is a beautiful Saturday morning in late May. In Istanbul, spring is in the air; there is not the usual noise and scurrying around that one encounters during harried weekdays. It is the kind of morning when young parents are out and about with their children, when there is time to explore neighborhood surroundings without purpose or direction. We have been part of this scene countless times on our weekend walks around the backstreets of Beyolu (formerly Pera) and Karaky (formerly Galata), two of the oldest areas of non-Turkish settlement that predate the establishment of Constantinople as the imperial city of the Byzantine empire. These districts housed guilds,
