UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

      BERKELEYLOS ANGELESLONDON

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      University of California Press

      Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

      University of California Press, Ltd.

      London, England

      © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Young, Louise, 1960-

      Beyond the metropolis: second cities and modern life in interwar Japan / Louise Young.

      p. cm. — (Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University)

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-520-27520-1 (cloth : alk. paper)

      eISBN: 9780520955387

      1. Urbanization—Japan—History—20th century. 2. Japan—Social conditions—1912-1945. 3. Japan—Civilization—20th century. 4. Japan—History—1912-1945. I. Title.

      HT384.J3Y68 2013

      307.760952—dc23

      2012040341

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Rolland Enviro100, a 100% post-consumer fiber paper that is FSC certified, deinked, processed chlorine-free, and manufactured with renewable biogas energy. It is acid-free and EcoLogo certified.

      In memory of

      Rebecca Conrad Young

      CONTENTS

      Acknowledgments

      PART ONE

      CONTEXTS

      Introduction: Urbanism and Japanese Modern

      1 · World War One and the City Idea

      PART TWO

      GEO-POWER AND URBAN-CENTRISM

      2 · The Ideology of the Metropolis

      3 · Colonizing the Country

      PART THREE

      MODERN TIMES AND THE CITY IDEA

      4 · The Past in the Present

      5 · The Cult of the New

      Epilogue: Urbanism and Twentieth-Century Japan

      Notes

      Bibliography

      Index

      ILLUSTRATIONS

      MAPS

       1. Japanese railway map, 1906

       2. Japanese roads, ca. 1800

       3. Okayama, 1906

       4. Sapporo and suburbs, ca. 1925

      TABLE

       Vehicular statistics for Okayama Prefecture

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      Among the great pleasures of doing research in Japan are the friends one accumulates along the way. This study took me to four cities and introduced me to wonderful communities of local historians and archivists in each. By remarkable good fortune, I embarked on my research around the centennial of the incorporation of most of Japan’s second cities in the 1889 administrative reforms that established the “city, town, village” system. This meant that many municipal governments were engaged in production of centennial histories. With the characteristic generosity that greets foreign researchers, local archivists opened their collections to me and shared materials they had gathered for their own works-in-progress. They also offered their wisdom, insights, and local knowledge. Without their gracious collaboration, I could never have done this study; I acknowledge this debt with heartfelt gratitude.

      In Sapporo, Aiuchi Masako and Aiuchi Toshikazu opened their home to me and introduced me to their extensive network of local historians. Yamada Hirotaka made numerous key introductions to local study groups. The Sapporo Municipal History Office extended a warm welcome and generously allowed me access to the materials their history group had assembled to write the superb New History of Sapporo. I benefited from the assistance of Endō Tatsuhiko at the Hokkaido Prefectural Archives, and at the Sapporo Municipal History Office, from Enomoto Yōsuke, Hayashi Mikitada, Ishida Takehiko, and Konno Yukari. Special thanks are due Nishida Hideko and Takagi Hiroshi, who both spent hours of their time with me. In Niigata, Furumaya Tadao and Yoshii Ken’ichi were both generous and helpful, as was Minami Ken’ichi. Itō Sukeyuki at the Niigata City Archives provided good company and good advice in equal measure. In Okayama, Sakamoto Jūji gave me excellent research tips and a stack of his wonderful books on the local social movement; Arima Nobutsune, Ōta Ken’ichi, and Kandachi Harushige were all great resources. In Kanazawa Motoyasu Hiroshi at the Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of History provided a treasure trove of materials from the museum archives and a memorable architectural tour of the hidden history of modern Kanazawa. Chiku Kakugyō and Hashimoto