Ecology of Indonesian Papua Part Two. Andrew J. Marshall
Читать онлайн книгу.
and the greed of illegal logging bosses. Papua presents one of the few remaining opportunities for proactive conservation action in Indonesia. Avoiding the fate of the rest of Indonesia’s once-vast tracts of lowland forest will require a level of political will that has thus far proved difficult to generate in other parts of the country. But the stakes are too high for us to let Papua quietly go the way of Sumatra and Borneo. The fate of Indonesia’s last great wilderness area, and the people who rely on it, hangs in the balance.
Acknowledgments
I thank Hendi Sumantri for assistance with maps and spatial analysis, and Conservation International and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University for postdoctoral support. I also thank Peter Ashton, Bruce Beehler, Amy Dunham, Mark Leighton, Cam Webb, and Tony Whitten for useful comments on this chapter.
Literature Cited
Aarson, L.W. 1997. High productivity in grassland ecosystems: affected by species diversity or productive species? Oikos 80: 183–184.
Abram, N.J., M.K. Gager, M.T. McColloch, J. Chappell, and W.S. Hantoro. 2003. Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires. Science 301: 952–955.
Abram, N.J., M.K. Gager, M.T. McColloch, J. Chappell, and W.S. Hantoro. 2004. Response to comment on ‘‘Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires.’’ Science 303: 1297.
Alongi, D.M. 2002. Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environ. Conserv. 29: 331–349.
Balmford, A., A. Bruner, P. Cooper, R. Costanza, S. Farber, R.E. Green, M. Jenkins, P. Jefferiss, V. Jessamy, J. Madden, K. Munro, N. Myers, S. Naeem, J. Paavola, M. Rayment, S. Rosendo, J. Roughgarden, K. Trumper, and R.K. Turner. 2002. Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science 397: 950–953.
Balmford, A., K.J. Gaston, S. Blyth, A. James, and V. Kapos. 2003. Global variation in conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 100: 1046–1050.
Balmford, A., and T. Whitten. 2003. Who should pay for tropical conservation, and how could the costs be met? Oryx 37: 238–250.
Barber, C.V., and J. Schweithelm. 2000. Trial by Fire: Forest Fires and Forestry Policy in Indonesia’s Era of Crisis and Reform. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.
Bonn, A., and K.J. Gaston. 2005. Capturing biodiversity: selecting priority areas for conservation using different criteria. Biodiver. Cons. 14: 1083–1110.
Cameron, T. 2002. 2002: the year of the ‘‘diversity-ecosystem function’’ debate. Trend. Ecol. Evol. 17: 495–496.
Carpenter, S.R. 1996. Microcosms have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology. Ecology 77: 677–680.
Costanza, R. (ed.). 1991. Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. Columbia University Press, New York.
Costanza, R., R. d’Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R.V. O’Neill, J. Paruelo, R.G. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 252–260.
Curran, L.M., S.N. Trigg, A.K. McDonald, D. Astiani, Y.M. Hardiono, P. Siregar, I. Caniago, and E. Kasischke. 2004. Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science 303: 1000–1003.
Daily, G.C. (ed.). 1997. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Danielsen, F., M.K. Sørensen, M.F. Olwig, M.F. Selvam, F. Parish, N.D. Burgess, T. Hiraishi, V.M. Karunagaran, M.S. Rasmussen, L.B. Hansen, A. Quarto, N., and Suryadiputra. 2005. The Asian tsunami: a protective role for coastal vegetation. Science 310: 643.
Evans, F.C. 1956. Ecosystem as the basic unit in ecology. Science 123: 1127–1128.
Fimbel, C. 1994. The relative use of abandoned farm clearings and old forest habitats by primates and a forest antelope at Tiwai, Sierra Leon, West Africa. Biol. Cons. 70: 277–286.
Fimbel, R.A., A. Grajal, and J.G. Robinson. 2001. Logging and wildlife in the tropics. Pp. 667–695 in Fimbel, R.A., A. Grajal, and J.G. Robinson (eds.) The Cutting Edge: Conserving Wildlife in Logged Tropical Forest. Columbia University Press, New York.
Frumhoff, P.C. 1995. Conserving wildlife in tropical forests managed for timber to provide a more viable complement to protected areas. BioScience 45: 456–464.
Fuller, D.O., T.C. Jessup, and A. Salim. 2004. Loss of forest over in Kalimantan, Indonesia, since the 1997–1998 El Niño. Cons. Biol. 18: 249–254.
Goodwin, H., and I.R. Swingland. 1996. Ecotourism, biodiversity, and local development. Biodiver. Cons. 5: 275–276.
Grumbine, R.E. 1992. Ghost Bears: Exploring the Biodiversity Crisis. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Grumbine, R.E. 1994. What is ecosystem management? Cons. Biol. 8: 27–38.
Hansen, M., R. DeFries, J.R.G Townshend, and R. Sohlberg. 1998. Land Cover Classification Derived from AVHRR. The Global Land Cover Facility, College Park, Maryland.
Hector, A., J. Joshi, S.P. Lawler, E.M. Spehn, and A. Wilby. 2001. Conservation implications of the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Oecologia 129: 624–628.
Holmes, D. 2002. Deforestation in Indonesia: A Review of the Situation in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Hooper, D.U., E.S. Chapin, III, J.J. Ewel, A. Hector, P. Inchausti, S. Lavorel, J.H. Lawton, D.M. Lodge, M. Loreau, S. Naeem, B. Schmid, H. Setala, A.J. Symstad, J. Vandermeer, and D.A. Wardle. 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol. Monographs 75: 3–35.
Hooper, D.U., and P.M. Vitousek. 1997. The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science 277: 1302–1305.
Hudson, W.E. 1991. Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Huston, M.A. 1999. Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology: synthesis of comments. Ecology 80: 1088–1089.
Huston, M.A., and A.C. McBride. 2002. Evaluating the relative strengths of biotic versus abiotic controls on ecosystem processes. Pp. 47–60 in Loreau, M., S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti (eds.) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
James, A., K. Gaston, and A. Balmford. 1999. Balancing the earth’s accounts. Nature 401: 323–324.
Jepson, P., J.K. Jarvie, K. MacKinnon, and K.A. Monk. 2001. The end for Indonesia’s lowland forests? Science 292: 859–861.
Johns, A.D. 1983. Tropical forest primates and logging—can they co-exist? Oryx 17: 114–118.
Kareiva, P., and M. Marvier. 2003. Conserving biodiversity coldspots. Amer. Sci. 91: 344–351.
Kinzig, A.P., S.W. Pacala, and D. Tilman (eds.). 2001. The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Kiss, A. 2004. Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? Trend. Ecol. Evol. 19: 232–237.
Krebs, C.J. 2001. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
Lawler, S.P., J.J. Armesto, and P. Kareiva. 2001. How relevant to conservation are studies linking biodiversity and ecosystem functioning? Pp. 294–313 in Kinzig, A.P., S.W. Pacala, and D. Tilman (eds.) The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Lawton, J.H., and V.K. Brown. 1993. Redundancy in ecosystems: biodiversity and ecosystem function. Pp. 255–270 in Schulze E.-D., and H.A. Mooney (eds.) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Loreau, M., S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti. 2002. Perspectives and challenges. Pp. 237–242 in Loreau, M., S. Naeem,