Les Halles, circa 1930. The bustle in front of one of Baltard's pavilions at dawn.

      King Louis VI, the Fat (!), established the public Champeaux Market in 1136, on the site which the Halles occupied until their demise. The Guild of Halles Strongmen appeared during the reign of Saint Louis. Aragon describes them in his own poetic manner in Les Beaux Quartiers: "Sluggish yet nimble men with their bare, muscular arms, they seemed to be milking the formidable teats of a nurturing night." By the time of the move to Rungis, these Strongmen were still expected to be capable of carrying loads weighing 400 lb (200 kg) a distance of 60 meters!

      During the 16th century François I ordered the reformation of the Halles and by the time of the French Revolution, it would specialize only in foodstuffs. Napoleon III was responsible for contracting Victor Baltard to design the warehouses which were constructed between 1854 and 1868 (the last two of which were only completed in 1936), giving the market its appearance that was familiar to Parisians until it closed in 1969.

      In this gargantuan wholesale market, you could find the rarest, freshest, finest products, from the best sources. This tradition of quality dates back to the Middle Ages with its litany of "shad from Bordeaux, sturgeon from Blaye, conger eels from La Rochelle, lampreys from Nantes, cuttlefish from Coutances, herring from Fecamp, loach from Bar-sur-Seine, salmon from the Loire, pimperneaux eels from the Eure, barbel from Saint-Florentin, crayfish from Bar, pike from Chalons, trout from Andéli, dace from Aise, pâté from Paris, tarts from Dourlens, flans from Chartres, beer from Cambrai, tripe from Saint-Denis, cheese from Brie, chestnuts from Lombardy, puree from Arras, mustard from Dijon, pears from Saint-Rieule, garlic from Gandeluz, onions from Corbeil, shallots from Etampes." To this list, of which several entries still exist, today we could add butter from Echiré, potatoes from the Ile de Ré, prunes from Agen, Salers beef, lamb from Sisteron, Lyon sausage, walnuts from Grenoble, goose foie gras from Alsace, duck foie gras from the Landes, ceps from the Périgord, Guérande sea salt, duck from Challans, chicken from Loué, goose from Touraine, Bayonne ham, jam from Bar-le-Duc, and olives from Nice, among many others. The market also sells products from around the globe, including some of the most exquisite and beautiful exotic fruits.

      The fresh fish market at Rungis At three in the morning, when activity is in full swing.

      With the disappearance of Les Halles as a market, the night life of Paris changed. The restaurant Le Pied de Cochon is still open twenty-four hours a day, but you no longer see, clustered round the bar in the early hours, the night workers bolstering themselves with an umpteenth, dirt-cheap coffee or a snack washed down with a glass of Côtes-du-Rhône, while the merrymakers on the first-floor pay dearly for their peasant fare of pork trotters and frites or French onion soup. All that transits today through this now renovated quarter are tourists, both foreign and local, seeking the spirit of Les Halles, but without the tumult, smells, lights, bustle, and mountains of produce that characterized the old Halles. Despite turning the page on such a long history, there is some consolation in noting that Paris still overflows with memories and signs of the past on virtually every street. The existing markets scattered all over the capital are just one example of this, whether they be covered, like the Secrétan, Saint-Quentin or Saint-Honoré markets, the busy shopping neighborhoods on the rue des Martyrs, rue Daguerre or rue Mouffetard, or the roaming markets, whose stalls fill the streets 2 or 3 days a week, like the rue de Convention, avenue de Saxe, avenue de Neuilly, or boulevard Barbès. Unfortunately some markets, like the one in the rue de Buci, have kept their traditional appearance (open stalls and barrows) but sell the industrial produce of the supermarkets that have bought their businesses. There are some stalls here and there selling produce of truly mediocre quality, but fortunately most of the tradespeople are excellent purveyors, proud of their trade and their knowledge, jealously maintaining a secular tradition of freshness and quality. That is where the Parisian will find that night's delivery of fresh fish, perfect meat and charcuterie, fruit and vegetables from open fields, cream that is truly the crème de la crème, mature cheese and, often, goods imported directly from their own countries by the Portuguese, Spanish and Italians who have long been an integral part of the life of the capital.

      The meat halls at Rungis. Some days, as much as 1500 tons of animal carcasses pass through its doors. The workers toil through the night in temperatures barely above freezing.

      Finally, all of the Paris neighborhoods boast honest and competent merchants whose shops are never empty, whether they offer fresh produce like the market, or goods like bread, confectionery, cakes, cured meats or freshly prepared meals.

      Les Halles may have gone and the slaughterhouses closed (both the horsemeat slaughterhouses of Vaugirard and the enormous abattoirs of La Villette) but Paris is still a world capital of fine cuisine. That people still wish to learn about it, cook it or taste it, as well as being demanding both at the market and in restaurants, is the surest sign that this status will remain for years to come.

      Today, a few steps from the site of the old Halles stands the Pompidou Center.

      Bread, Cheese, and Wine

      The holy trinity Of French gastronomy

      Once the basis of the French diet, bread—or rather breads of innumerable description—is now a mere accompaniment to food. But what an accompaniment it is! Only shops where bread is kneaded and baked on the premises may be called boulangeries, or bakeries. Parisian bakers who had at one point succumbed to the siren song of cheap, quick, industrial products, have now largely gone back to quality ingredients and traditional techniques, including sourdough, long kneading times, and baking in wood ovens.

      Good bread is dense, rather heavy, and has an unmistakable smell of flour with just a zest of acidity. After years of mediocrity, the baguette, a veritable symbol of France along with camembert and the beret, and probably the most famous form of bread in the world, has once again become the object of jealously guarded attentions. Whatever the secrets of its production, a good baguette must have a crisp, golden crust, a dense crumb with irregular air holes that is creamy white, almost ivory in color.

      Besides the flute (a thinner and shorter loaf) and the baguette, other popular breads include the boule de campagne au levain or sourdough loaf; the fougasse provençale, a dense, tressed bread made plain or with olives; organic whole wheat breads; rye bread with or without raisins; walnut or hazelnut breads often made from a blend of rye and wheat, and many other baked specialties. The art of choosing which type of bread to offer depends on the food served: toasted country loaves with foie gras; rye with oysters; walnut, hazelnut or raisin bread with a cheese platter. But simplest of pleasures in Paris is the baguette, hot from the oven, the crust crisp and the white

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