Ecology of Sulawesi. Tony Whitten
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ha), Hunting Parks (22,000 ha), and Marine Parks (none yet declared). Protection Forests (3,867,000 ha) are under the control of the Forestry Department but are also, in theory, a type of conservation forest. The regulations in force or proposed for the different categories of protected areas are shown in table 1.25.
* - areas in million ha; provincial areas given here differ significantly from official government statistics which are quite incompatible with up-to-date provincial maps
From Anon. 1982a. 1984b. 1985a
The conservation areas in the four provinces in 1982 are shown in figures 1.43-46 and are listed with their index of conservation value in table 1.26. Descriptions of these areas, and others which have less or no importance due to exploitation and degradation are described in the Sulawesi volume of the National Conservation Plan (Anon. 1982a).
After Suwardjo et al. 1985
After Anon. 1985c
Based on Anon. 1982a, b
After Anon. 1982
After Anon, 1982b
Figure 1.43. Remaining forest, conservation areas and proposed conservation areas in North Sulawesi. 1 - Tangkoko-Dua Saudara, 2 - Manembo-nembo, 3 - Mt. Soputan, 4 - Mt. Lokon, 5 - Mt. Klabat, 6 - Wiau, 7 - Tamposo-Sinansajang, 8 - Mt. Ambang, 9, 10, 15 - Bogani Nani Wartabone (formerly Dumoga-Bone), 11 - Mt. Simbolang; 12, 13,14 - Marisa Complex, 16 - Mt. Damar, 17 - Labutodoa and Paguyaman Barat, 18 - Karakelang, 19 - Mt. Sahendaruman, 20 - Bunaken-Manado Tua.
From Anon. 1982a
NP - National Park, NR - Nature Reserve, WR - Wildlife Reserve, HR - Hunting Reserve, TP -Tourist Park, PF - Protection Forest, MP - Marine Park, (p) - proposed
After Anon. 1982a
Figure 1.44. Remaining forest, conservation areas, and proposed conservation areas in Southeast Sulawesi. 1 - Napabalano, 2 - Lamedae, 3 - Tanjung Amolenggo, 4 - Mt. Watumohae, 5 - Tirta Rimba, 6 - Buton Utara, 7 - Kayu Kuku, 8 - Rawa Opa, 9 - Polewai, 10 - Tanjung Bati Kolo, 11 - Tanjung Peropa, 12 - Wakouti, 13 - Lasolo Bay, 14 - Wowoni Straits, 15 - Muna Straits, 16 - Lasolo-Sampara, 17 - Tukang Besi Islands.
After Anon. 1982a
Figure 1.45. Remaining forest, conservation areas and proposed conservation areas in South Sulawesi. 1, 2, 7 - Bantimurung and Karanta, 3 - Lampuko-Mampio, 4 - Peruhumpenai Mts., 5 - Lakes Matano/Mahalano, 6 - Lake Towuti, 8 - Lariang, 9 - Mamuju, 10 - Masapu, 11 - Mambuliling, 12 - Rangkong, 13 - Rompi, 14 - Lamikomiko, 15 - Sumarorang, 16 - Samalona Islands, 17 - Lake Tempe, 18 - Torokkapai, 19 - Matanga, 20 - Bulu Saraung, 21 - Palangka, 22 - Bontobahari, 23 - Komara, 24 - Camba River, 25 - Latimojong Mts., 26 - Mt. Lompobatang.
After Anon. 1982a
Figure 1.46. Remaining forest, conservation areas and proposed conservation areas in Central Sulawesi. 1 - Pati-Pati, 2 - Paboya, 3, 6, 12 -Lore Lindu, 4 - Tanjung Api, 5 - Morowali, 7 - Wera waterfall, 8 - Tanjung Matop, 9 - Dolongan Island, 10 - Mt. Dako, 11 - Mt. Sojol, 13 - Peleng waters, 14 - Toli-Toli Mts., 15 - Palu Mts., 16 - Morowali/Balantak Mts., 17 -Bakiriang, 18 - Togan Islands.
After Anon. 1982a
Chapter Two
Seashores
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is concerned with those habitats that lie between the reach of the lowest low and highest high tides.1 Thus all these areas are inundated by the sea at some time. Habitats such as seagrass meadows and coral reefs that are found below the level of the lowest low tide, are discussed in chapter 3.
Sulawesi has proportionately more coastline relative to its land area than any other Indonesian island, because of its long, narrow peninsulas (table 2.1). No point on the mainland is more than 90 km from the sea and most locations are within 50 km. In addition there are over 110 offshore islands each with an area in excess of 1.5 km2 within the administrative areas of the four provinces. Coastal ecosystems are of great economic and ecological importance for fisheries and other commercial activities, and those concerned with development on Sulawesi should, therefore, have a grounding in understanding the components, interactions, and mechanisms of coastal ecosystems to ensure that these resources are managed for sustainable production and benefit.
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
Tides
The process that largely determines the characteristic features of the seashore is the ebb and flow of the tides. The tides around most of Sulawesi are termed mixed prevailing semi-diurnal. This means that each day two high and two low tides occur and that the successive tides are different in height and duration. Around the southwest peninsula the tides are termed mixed prevailing diurnal. This means that each day only one high and low tide occur and that successive tides are different in height and duration (fig. 2.1). In narrow straits and bays, such as the Gulf of Bone (Anon. 1980a), however, the patterns may become rather more complicated.
Figure 2.1. The forms of a typical mixed, prevailing semidiurnal tide (above), and a typical mixed, prevailing diurnal tide (below) over the period of a month.
After Pethick 1984
Tides are enormous waves with wavelengths of half the circumference of the earth. These 'waves' are primarily the result of the gravitational pull of the moon which acts not only on the water closest to it, but also on the mass of the orbiting earth itself, thereby pulling the earth away from the water on the opposite side.2 This is similar to pulling someone towards you by one arm, and seeing his other arm move away from his body.
The sun also has an effect on tides but although it has 27 million