How to Understand the Mind. Geshe Kelsang Gyatso
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OF FEELING
There are several ways of dividing feeling, including the threefold division already discussed:
1 Pleasant feelings
2 Unpleasant feelings
3 Neutral feelings
There is also a twofold division from the point of view of their uncommon dominant condition:
1 Bodily feelings
2 Mental feelings
Bodily feelings are feelings associated with the five sense consciousnesses. They are generated in dependence upon a sense power possessing form. Mental feelings are feelings associated with mental consciousness, which arise in dependence upon a mental power.
There is another twofold division from the point of view of their nature:
1 Contaminated feelings
2 Uncontaminated feelings
Contaminated feelings are feelings conjoined with self-grasping, and uncontaminated feelings are feelings conjoined with wisdom directly realizing emptiness. Until we attain the path of seeing, most of our feelings are contaminated feelings.
DISCRIMINATION
DEFINITION OF DISCRIMINATION
The definition of discrimination is a mental factor that functions to apprehend the uncommon sign of an object.
Every object has features that distinguish it from other objects and enable us to recognize it. The function of the mental factor discrimination is to apprehend these uncommon features. When we look at a tree, for example, our eye consciousness knows the tree because it discerns, or discriminates, the uncommon signs of the tree. If our eye consciousness lacked the mental factor discrimination it would not be able to distinguish the tree from other objects, and so it would not be able to recognize it. To recognize an object we need to understand what are its uncommon signs, or defining characteristics. For example, a newborn baby does not understand the uncommon signs of a wristwatch, and so it cannot recognize a watch as such.
FUNCTION OF DISCRIMINATION
The function of discrimination is to distinguish an object from other objects and to identify the object as ‘this’ and not ‘that’. Discrimination associated with conceptual minds also functions to impute, label or name objects. There are two ways of imputing: imputing by sound and imputing by thought. The former is the same as naming and the latter is the same as conceiving.
The defining characteristics of an object do not exist from the side of the object but are merely imputed by the mind that apprehends them. We can understand this by considering how different people view one object. For example, observing a particular person called John, one person may identify an enemy while another identifies a friend. If the characteristics of enemy and friend existed from the side of the person there would be a contradiction here, but since these characteristics are merely imputed onto the person by different minds there is no contradiction. From his own side John does not have a fixed set of defining characteristics waiting to be discovered by various minds; what he is depends solely upon how he is identified by the minds that apprehend him. We can choose how we discriminate objects. As Dharma practitioners we should choose to discriminate only in constructive ways, in ways that are conducive to virtue.
DIVISIONS OF DISCRIMINATION
There are three ways of dividing discrimination. First, from the point of view of uncommon dominant condition there are six types of discrimination:
1 Discriminations associated with eye consciousness
2 Discriminations associated with ear consciousness
3 Discriminations associated with nose consciousness
4 Discriminations associated with tongue consciousness
5 Discriminations associated with body consciousness
6 Discriminations associated with mental consciousness
If any of the six consciousnesses lacked the mental factor discrimination it would not be able to understand its object. Discrimination associated with eye consciousness is eye awareness but not eye consciousness, because consciousness is synonymous with primary mind.
There is also a twofold division of discrimination:
1 Mistaken discriminations
2 Non-mistaken discriminations
All wrong awarenesses have mistaken discrimination, and all unskilful actions of body, speech and mind result from mistaken discrimination. We act destructively because we are under the influence of delusions, and all delusions are based upon mistaken discrimination. Anger, for example, has a discrimination of its object as inherently unpleasant, while attachment has a discrimination of its object as inherently attractive. In both cases the discrimination is mistaken because attractiveness and unattractiveness depend upon the mind and do not exist from the side of the object.
If the mental factor discrimination is mistaken, the primary mind and all the other mental factors that it accompanies are wrong awarenesses. It is precisely because self-grasping and wrong views have mistaken discrimination that they apprehend wrong objects. The sixteen wrong thoughts explained in the Lamrim teachings and listed on pages 177–178 are all based on mistaken discriminations. For example, the second of these, not wishing to take the real meaning of our precious human life, involves the mistaken discrimination that the only meaning of this life is worldly pleasure. Dharma practitioners should make prayers to be free from all these mistaken discriminations because they severely hinder our attainment of the realizations of the stages of the path. Lamrim realizations are attained by eliminating these mistaken discriminations and developing the opposite, non-mistaken discriminations.
There are many causes of mistaken discriminations, such as previous imprints, familiarity, listening to wrong teachings or advice, and contemplating wrong reasons. We all have the seeds of mistaken discriminations but whether or not they ripen and influence our life depends to a large extent upon our lifestyle. If we lead a negative, or non-virtuous, life we will tend to develop wrong thoughts as a way of justifying our behaviour; but if we lead a positive, or virtuous, life we will be much more likely to adopt correct thoughts.
The imprints of ignorance cause mistaken discriminations that apprehend an inherently existent self, even though such a self does not exist. Moreover, because of our familiarity with delusions we discriminate some people as our friends, some as enemies and some as strangers; but all these discriminations are mistaken discriminations because in reality all sentient beings are our mothers.
There is another twofold division of discrimination:
1 Clear discriminations
2 Unclear discriminations
If our discrimination is clear we will be able to learn easily and quickly. Clear and correct discrimination is a basis for improving our understanding, and it helps us to avoid unskilful actions of body, speech and mind.
As we fall asleep our discrimination becomes unclear, and so we are liable to make mistakes. To begin with, our senses are still working so that, for example, we can still hear sounds such as others talking, but we cannot clearly understand the meaning of what they are saying. People on their deathbed also have unclear discrimination and so it is difficult for them to understand instructions quickly, which is why they make many mistakes. Mental disability is also often caused by unclear discrimination.
Sometimes when we listen to teachings or read Dharma books we find them confusing and feel that they are not presented very clearly, but in reality it is our discrimination that is unclear. If our discrimination were completely clear we could understand teachings just through hand gestures!
Realizing that our feelings and discriminations stimulate delusions, some practitioners try to abandon feelings and discriminations completely by withdrawing their mind inwards through the force of concentration and thereby becoming absorbed in a subtle state where disturbing mental activity is no longer manifest. This state is known as the ‘absorption without discrimination’. It is a state in which the