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      NCBC New Century Bible Commentary

      NCCS New Covenant Commentary Series

      NewDocs Horsley, G. H. R., and S. R. Llewelyn, eds. New Documents Illustrating Earliest Christianity. 9 vols. N.S.W., Australia: Ancient History Documentary Research Centre Macquarie University, 1976–1987.

      NIBC New International Biblical Commentary

      NICNT New International Commentary on the New Testament

      NIRV New International Reader’s Version

      NIV New International Version

      NLT New Living Translation

      NRSV New Revised Standard Version

      NT New Testament

      NTME New Testament in Modern English

      NTS New Testament Studies

      NVI Nueva Versión Internacional

      OCD Hammond, N. G. L., and H. H. Scullard, eds. Oxford Classical Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970.

      OT Old Testament

      OTP Charlesworth, James H., ed. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1983, 1985.

      RevExp Review and Expositor

      REB Revised English Bible

      RV Reina-Valera 1995

      TDNT Kittel, Gerhard, and G. Friedrich, eds. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Trans G. W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964–1976.

      TEV Today’s English Version

      Thayer Thayer, Joseph Henry. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Marshallton, DE: National Foundation for Christian Education, 1889.

      ThTo Theology Today

      TLG Thesaurus linguae graecae

      TLNT Spicq, Ceslas. Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. 3 vols. Trans. and ed. James D. Ernest. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994.

      TNIV Today’s New International Version

      UBS The Greek New Testament. Ed. Barbara Aland et al. 4th rev. ed. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies, 2001.

      WBC Word Biblical Commentary

      WYC Wycliffe Bible

      YLT Young’s Literal Translation

      Ancient Sources

      Apostolic Fathers

      1–2 Clem. 1–2 Clement

      Did. Didache

      Ign. Eph. Ignatius, To the Ephesians

      Mart. Pol. Martyrdom of Polycarp

      Aratus

      Phaen. Phaenomena

      Aristotle

      Pol. Politics

      Rhet. Rhetoric

      Arrian

      Epict. diss. Epicteti dissertationes

      Athenaeus

      Deipn. Deipnosophistae

      Callimachus

      Hymn. Jov. Hymn to Jove or Zeus

      Cicero

      Div. De divinatione

      Clement of Alexandria

      Strom. Miscellanies

      Diodorus

      Diodorus Diodorus of Sicily

      Epictetus

      Diatr. Dissertationes

      Ench. Enchiridion

      Eusebius

      Hist. eccl. Ecclesiastical History

      Praep. ev. Preparation for the Gospel

      Hippocrates

      Artic. Joints

      Mochl. Instruments of Reduction

      Off. In the Surgery

      Irenaeus

      Haer. Against Heresies

      Josephus

      Ag. Ap. Against Apion

      Ant. Jewish Antiquities

      J. W. Jewish War

      Lucian

      Sacr. Sacrifices

      Philops. The Lover of Lies

      Mishnah (m.)

      ‘Abot Avot

      Git. Gittin

      Ketub. Ketubbot

      Meg. Megillah

      Ned. Nega’im

      Qidd. Qiddushin

      Sanh. Sanhedrin

      Tehar. Teharot

      Philo

      Embassy On the Embassy to Gaius

      Flaccus Against Flaccus

      Mos. On the Life of Moses

      Spec. Laws On the Special Laws

      Plato

      Leg. Laws

      Polybius

      Hist. Histories

      Pseudepigrapha

      1 En. 1 Enoch (Ethiopic Apocalypse)

      Jub. Jubilees

      T. Sol. Testament of Solomon

      Strabo

      Geogr. Geography

      Tacitus

      Ann. Annales

      Xenophon

      Oec. Oeconomicus

      Introduction to Pastoral Letters

      When Luke the evangelist wrote his Gospel, he highlighted for Theophilus, his reader, some of the features he offered, while affirming the Gospels already written (Luke 1:1–4). Following the model of this wonderful historian, I, too, would like to affirm the many wonderful commentaries written on the Pastoral Epistles, which are Pastor Paul’s instructions and admonitions to two young pastors. Like the other commentary writers of the New Covenant Commentary Series, I come from an international background, born and reared in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and later in New Jersey in the United States, my mother from Puerto Rico and my father from The Netherlands. Like others in the series, I have focused on the flow of argument. My own translation is an attempt to illustrate the literal text as a basis for interpretation and stylistic analysis. I have studied the meaning of the text in light of its immediate and larger literary, biblical, historical, social, and cultural contexts. In particular, I have asked myself, how might these ancient communities have understood and received these teachings? To enrich my study, I traveled to Crete, Ephesus, Rome, and Greece, visiting many key ancient Greco-Roman sites. These were wonderful trips, which were accomplished with the help and companionship of my husband and son, Rev. Dr. William David Spencer and Mr. Stephen William Spencer.

      In addition, I have always thought that scholarship would be advanced if more women were to study and publish on these letters that relate frequently to women and to church life. Thus, as a female Presbyterian minister ordained for over forty years (October 1973), I have paid consistent attention to any issues that relate to women and their role in the church. It is not, however, a commentary solely focused on “women’s issues.” As an active minister, who has taught New Testament theology for ministry for many years, I have also highlighted Paul’s ministry strategies, his coworkers, and their community. My own initial training was in stylistics, and, thus, when appropriate, I have also highlighted

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