Appalachian Mushrooms. Walter E. Sturgeon
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SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amanita bisporigera G. F. Atk.
MISAPPLIED NAMES: Amanita virosa, Amanita verna; while not actually synonyms, these names have been given to the North American Amanita bisporigera in older field guides
COMMON NAMES: Destroying Angel, Eastern Destroying Angel, Death Angel
FAMILY: Amanitaceae
CAP: Up to 5 in. wide; white, although in age may show some tan at the cap center; nearly oval, becoming convex then flat at maturity; surface dry or slightly tacky; bald, not striate
FLESH: White, unchanging when cut or bruised; odor not distinctive; taste unknown
GILLS: White; free or nearly reaching the stem; close; edges even; covered at first by a membranous, white partial veil
STEM: Up to 6 in. long; white; usually tapers upward slightly from the volva; solid or stuffed with white pith; surface smooth or somewhat floccose, with a delicate skirt-like ring at the apex that may be missing in aged fruitings
VOLVA: White; encasing the entire mushroom at first like an egg, then when the cap emerges it leaves a free-limbed sack-like structure at the bottom of the stem; usually almost completely buried in the soil; at times it can be appressed against the stem
Amanita bisporigera
SPORE PRINT: White
EDIBILITY: Deadly poisonous
ECOLOGY: This species is mycorrhizal with oaks and other broadleaf trees but can also be found in mixed woods, often associating with hemlock; summer and fall; it is a common mushroom in soil, humus, moss, and lawns
COMMENTS: Amanita bisporigera has been confused with Amanita virosa and Amanita verna, which are European Destroying Angels. The taxonomy of the North American species needs work, and there are likely more than one species included under the Amanita bisporigera name. In the author’s experience the common summer Destroying Angel is a thinner, less robust “species.” It is common under oaks. In the late summer and fall there is a much more substantial “species” that occurs under conifers. All of these are white in all parts and all are deadly poisonous. Care must be taken when collecting puffballs for the table so as not to mistake an Amanita in the egg stage for a puffball. When cut in half, the Destroying Angel button will have the immature cap and gills visible. This species has caused more fatal poisonings in Appalachia than any other species. The first symptoms of poisoning usually do not occur until several hours after ingestion. The toxins attack the liver and kidneys. It is a prime example of why one should not test the edibility of a mushroom by eating even just one. Consuming a single cap could be a fatal mistake.
Amanita bisporigera
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amanita sturgeonii Tulloss, Q. Cai, and L.V. Kudzma nom. prov.
SYNONYM: None
COMMON NAME: Cemetery Amanita
FAMILY: Amanitaceae
CAP: Up to 4-1/2 in. wide; white, developing brownish or olivaceous stains in age; convex, becoming flat in age; surface bald or rarely with faint brownish universal veil remnants, viscid when wet; margin with veil remnants at times
FLESH: White, unchanging when cut; fairly thick; odor mild to slightly unpleasant; taste unknown
GILLS: White; free from the stem or barely reaching it; close; edges even; covered at first with a white partial veil that may break to form a skirt-like ring or may form remnants on the cap margin
STEM: Up to 3-1/2 in. long; white; surface smooth or with floccose bands; equal or tapering upward from a basal bulb; emerging from a white to buff or brownish sack-like volva
VOLVA: White to brownish; encasing the entire mushroom at first like a chicken egg, then leaving a sack-like structure with a free limb at the bottom of the stem; mid to bottom portions are thicker than the thin opening; often almost completely buried in the soil and can be appressed against the stipe
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal; scattered to gregarious or in small clusters under oaks, especially red oak, often in lawns; summer and fall; uncommon but locally abundant
EDIBILITY: Deadly poisonous
COMMENTS: This species caused a fatal poisoning in New Jersey. It resembles robust fruitings of the Destroying Angel, Amanita bisporigera (p. 10). Its thick volva, cap with brownish or olivaceous tints, robust stature, and usually gregarious habit will help distinguish it.
Amanita sturgeonii
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amanita flavoconia G. F. Atk.
SYNONYM: None
COMMON NAME: Yellow Patches
FAMILY: Amanitaceae
Cap: Up to 3-1/2 in. wide; orange to yellowish orange; ovoid to convex, becoming flat at maturity; surface sticky when wet; not striate or barely so in age; surface covered at first with bright-yellow patches, remnants of the top of the universal veil, which are easily removed or washed off, leaving a bald cap
FLESH: White, buff near the cap; thin; firm; odor mild; taste unknown
GILLS: White; margins may have a yellow dusting from veil remnants; close; barely free; edges even; covered by a yellow partial veil in the button stage
STEM: Up to 4 in. long; yellow, white, or a combination of the two; usually there is yellow near the apex; solid; equal or tapering slightly upward; surface smooth or scurfy, with a yellow, skirt-like ring near the apex; a small bulb at the base may show yellow patches from the universal veil, or these patches may also be on the soil surrounding the stem
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal; solitary, scattered to gregarious in humus, moss, or lawns under hemlock, red spruce, and other conifers as well as under oaks, beech, and in mixed woods; summer and fall; very common
EDIBILITY: Unknown, probably toxic
COMMENTS: This is a beautiful species when seen with the bright-yellow patches decorating the orange cap. It is abundant and can be found throughout the region. Several species have a similar aspect. Amanita frostiana (p. 13) has a striate cap and a more prominent bulb rimmed with yellow material from the universal veil. It is much less common. Amanita muscaria (p. 14) is larger and has whitish warts.
Amanita flavoconia
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Amanita frostiana (Peck) Sacc.
SYNONYM: None