Writing the Ancestral River. Jacklyn Cock
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in the area. The Gqunukhwebe Xhosa, in particular, insisted that they had bought the land along the coast between the Kowie and the Fish rivers from the Hoengiqua chief Ruyter for 800 head of cattle, and refused to renounce their claim.56
The Kowie was the scene of some of the earliest armed encounters. After the first of these clashes, Commandant Adriaan van Jaarsveld wrote in his diary on 17 July 1781 that he attacked the Xhosa ‘lying at the Thouhie on this side of Great Fish River, but from the number of forests could kill very few, but we also captured part of their cattle to the number of 2,000 and returned’. The second (1793) and third (1799–1803) wars were actually won by the Xhosa, who pushed as far west as Plettenberg Bay.57
Throughout the late 1780s and 1790s increasing numbers of Xhosa moved west into the Zuurveld, largely following the attempts by the Xhosa chiefs Ndlambe and Ngqika to extend their power in the region. In 1799 the first major confrontation between Xhosa and Dutch occurred, when Ndlambe moved with large numbers of his followers into the Zuurveld, joining his brother who was already living there. As Sir Andries Stockenström later recalled, ‘the Colonists were driven out of the Zuurveld, their houses burnt, many lives lost, and the Kaffirs settled down between the Bushman and Sundays rivers, and even to the westward of the latter’. A meeting between Ndlambe and the colonial official Jacob Cuyler in 1808 ‘revealed that the amaNdlambe were in full occupation and control of the Zuurveld, right up to Algoa Bay in the west, and extending northward into the interior mountains’.58
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