Moravian Soundscapes. Sarah Justina Eyerly
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Chapter 2: Friends & Strangers
1.Interactive Sound Map: “Bethlehem in 1758”
2.Interactive and Static Maps: “Sound Boundaries of Bethlehem”
Chapter 3: Sound & Spirit
1.Sound Recordings: “Mohican-Moravian Singstunde”
2.Soundscape Recording: “Gnadenhütten, Pennsylvania”
3.Interactive Map: “Spiritual Singing in Bethlehem”
Chapter 4: 1782
1.Interactive Map: “The Pennsylvania Frontier”
2.Interactive Sound Map: “Journeys of the Native Gemeine, 1763–1772”
3.Interactive Map: “The Journey of the Native Gemeine from Friedenshütten II to Friedenstadt”
4.Static Map: “The Ohio Country, 1782”
5.Historic Document and Map Collection: “Ohio”
BOOKS ARE JOURNEYS. THEIR NARRATIVE MAPS HAVE THE potential to transport us to new places and perspectives. Sometimes, they allow us to slip deftly between the past, present, and future, the unexpected or the familiar. They can disappoint or delight. Regardless, these are journeys we undertake in fellowship with other travelers—our readers, our research subjects, our families and friends, our professional colleagues and students, and the institutions and organizations that support our work. In writing this book, I have come to value the act of journeying and the transhistorical, storytelling work of history. I have come to appreciate that our work as historians is informed by how we understand and honor the relationships that bind us together in the past and the present. These are networks as wide as the Atlantic and as intimate as “home.” So, it is with great pleasure that I thank my fellow travelers. I am grateful to have undertaken this journey with you.
To my father, Raymond Eyerly, and my mother, Mary Ann Erickson Eyerly. It was your passion for Pennsylvania’s history, environment, and people that inspired this book.
To my husband, Andy Nathan, and my children, Jesse and Ian. You have patiently endured this long journey with love and devotion. Thank you.
To my wonderful research assistants at the Florida State University: Mark Sciuchetti, Miranda Penley, Rebekah Franklin, Laura Clapper, Rachel Bani, Alexandra Taggart, and Joseph Cramer. The countless hours you have contributed to this project have enriched it beyond what I could have ever hoped to achieve alone. And to the many students at FSU who have shared their ideas and creativity—I owe you a debt of gratitude.
To my research collaborator, Rachel Wheeler. Thank you for sharing the experiences of motherhood and academic life, and for a friendship that carries far beyond our shared interest in the history of the Moravian missions.
To my musicology colleagues at FSU: Valerie Arsenault, Michael Bakan, Charlie Brewer, Michael Broyles, Laura Gayle Green, Frank Gunderson, Margaret Jackson, Panayotis League, Eduardo Lopez-Dabdoub, Douglass Seaton, and Denise Von Glahn. You are an inspiring and extraordinary community of scholars and I am grateful to have undertaken this journey in your company. To Debbie Whitaker, whose wise council helped me through the darkest of times. Thank you for believing that I could finish this book. And many thanks to Dean Patricia Flowers of the FSU College of Music for her unwavering support of my scholarship.
To the many scholars and archivists who have assisted with this project: Paul Peucker and Thomas McCullough of the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem; Nola Reed Knouse, Gwyneth Michel, and David Blum of the Moravian Music Foundation in Bethlehem and Winston-Salem; Charlene Donchez Mowers, Tavia Minnich, and Philip Trabel of the Historic Bethlehem Partnership; Olaf Nippe and Claudia Mai of the Unity Archives of the Moravian Church in Herrnhut, Germany; Kaitlyn Pettengill of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Aaron McWilliams of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and the Pennsylvania State Archives; and Janet Johnson, Curator of Archaeology at the State Museum of Pennsylvania, I am extraordinarily grateful to all of you for your assistance. To Katie Faull, Patrick Erben, Paul Peucker, Olivia Bloechl, John Corrigan, David Bodenhamer, and Rachel Wheeler. Your generosity of intellect and time have shaped this book in many unexpected and beautiful ways.
To my wonderful editorial team at the Indiana University Press: series editors Denise Von Glahn and Sabine Feisst, acquisition editors Janice Frisch and Allison Chaplin, executive director Gary Dunham, project managers Darja Malcolm-Clarke and Carol McGillivray, copyeditor Ann Aubrey Hanson, indexer Kathy Bennett, and marketing and publicity manager Rachel Rosolina, thank you for believing in this project and shepherding it toward publication. And to the Press’s anonymous reviewers, thank you for generously donating your time to this project, and for providing careful readings and thoughtful critiques that helped to strengthen the manuscript.
To the institutions and organizations who tangibly supported the development of the book and website. This project would not have been possible without generous funding from the American Council of Learned Societies (Collaborative Research Fellowship), the Society for American Music (Sight & Sound Subvention, H. Earle Johnson Publication Subvention), the American Musicological Society (publication subventions from the AMS 75 Publication Awards for Younger Scholars Fund, supported in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation), the Council for Research and Creativity at FSU (First Year Assistant Professor Award, Planning Grant), and the Lucille P. and Elbert B. Shelfer Professorship in Music.
NOTE ON NAMING, TERMINOLOGY, AND ARCHIVAL SOURCES
Naming and Terminology
Native, Native American, Native Moravian: Tribal names have been used whenever possible in this book and on the companion website, or “Native” when referring to individuals or groups of multiple tribal heritages. Due to the particular pressures of colonization, the Moravian missions were home to people from various geographic locations and tribal affiliations. Therefore, I have also adopted the term “Native Moravian” to refer broadly to Indigenous people who affiliated with the Moravian Church.
European, European Moravian: I have chosen to use the terms “European” or “European Moravian” in recognition of the fact that the Moravian missions, and also Pennsylvania in general, were home to people from various parts of continental Europe and Britain. Since this study involves multiple ethnic groups, I have used terms such as English Moravian or German Moravian only where it applies to particular people or groups.
Moravian Church: In the eighteenth century, the Moravian Church had many names: Unitas Fratrum, Brüdergemeine, Ancient Unity, erneuerte Brüdergemeine, Herrnhuter, and the Brethren’s Congregation, among others. For the purposes of this study, I have adopted the common English language name, Moravian. It is also important to note that the term “Moravian” was a spiritual designation in the eighteenth century, and did not denote a particular race, class, or geographic origin.
Pennsylvania or Penn’s Woods: There is not a single Native word for the region of North America that would become the colony of Pennsylvania in the seventeenth century, so indigenous toponyms have been used when possible for local geographies, and the process of naming is discussed throughout the book and in the accompanying maps as a feature of colonization and decolonization.
Archival Sources
Primary source materials from the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and the Unity Archives of the Moravian Church in Herrnhut, Germany, are the backbone of this study. It is my intention to present these sources as authentically as possible. Quotes preserve the original spelling, errors, and eighteenth-century conventions. I have avoided “sic,” due to the sheer number of anomalies deemed incorrect by modern English or German standards. For instance, the written form