Canine and Feline Respiratory Medicine. Lynelle R. Johnson

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Canine and Feline Respiratory Medicine - Lynelle R. Johnson


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target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_bf5338cc-9d77-5b08-8d21-c74c567763b0">Figure 1.2 Palpation during ocular retropulsion can suggest the presence of a mass lesion in the optic canal or retrobulbar space.

Sagittal cross section of a dog’s head with a gloved hand palpating the soft palate.

      Definition

      Loud breathing most commonly results from a disorder affecting the nasal cavity or upper airway (larynx, pharynx, or cervical trachea), although occasionally animals with lower airway disease will present for loud, audible breathing. Stertor and stridor are loud sounds resulting from narrowing of upper or large airways typically, and are often audible without a stethoscope, although subtle stridor can be missed without specific auscultation over the larynx. Importantly, some animals will suffer from both stertor and stridor, which can have important ramifications for documenting the extent and severity of the obstructive disease, as well as defining optimal treatment.

      Stertor is a discontinuous gurgling or snoring sound that is produced as air flows past a soft tissue obstruction in the upper airway. It can be caused by narrowing within the nasal cavity, by elongation or thickening of the soft palate, or by edema or eversion of laryngeal saccules. Tonsillar enlargement or mass lesions in the oral cavity can also lead to stertor. In brachycephalic dogs and cats, it is not possible to localize the source of stertor on physical examination alone and stertor is often multi‐factorial. Stertor varies in tone and pitch, and it can be audible on inspiration, expiration, or both.

      In contrast, stridor is classically an inspiratory noise of a single, high pitch that results from rapid flow of air past a rigid obstruction, such as a paralyzed or collapsed larynx. Stridor can also be heard in an animal with a laryngeal mass or occasionally in an animal with nasopharyngeal stenosis. It can also be ausculted in an animal with a fixed large airway obstruction due to stenosis, hypoplasia, compression, or a mass effect. The airway obstruction can be anywhere from the larynx to the cervical or intrathoracic trachea. In severe cases where a large mass is obstructing airflow, stridor can be present on both inspiration and expiration. Finally, cervical tracheal collapse can also result in stridor typically on inspiration.

      Epiglottic retroversion is a cause of intermittent airway obstruction in dogs in which respiratory distress is present in conjunction with stridor or stertor. Although rarely reported, it is increasingly recognized as a cause of serious clinical disease (see Chapter 5).

      Signalment

      Stertor is commonly encountered in brachycephalic dog breeds such as bulldogs (English and French), Pugs, and Boston Terriers, and is also seen in Himalayan and Persian cats. Loud breathing is often present early in life and becomes worse with the development of additional respiratory disease or with weight gain. Some animals are not presented for evaluation of stertor and respiratory difficulty until late in life because of the perception that noisy respiration is “normal” for the breed.

      Physical Examination

Photo displaying a hand placing the diaphragm of a stethoscope against the throat of a French bulldog.

      Brachycephalic breeds commonly have visible stenotic nares as part of the disease complex, and excessive oropharyngeal folds can be evident, although it is difficult to assess palate length in the awake animal due to breed conformation and presence of excessive froth in the back of the throat. Confirming an appropriate gag reflex is important in evaluating the patient with stridor, because swallowing abnormalities can potentiate aspiration. Finally, the presence of bilateral nasal airflow assists in ruling out the nasopharynx as the site for generation of stridor.

      History


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