Gastrointestinal Surgical Techniques in Small Animals. Группа авторов
Читать онлайн книгу.
can be used in cats as well as in small breed dogs. The larger tube will have less change to get occluded. It is important to flush the tube regularly.
The author has not been created a tunnel between the sero‐muscularis and the submucosa to place the jejunostomy tube.
A interlock box suture technique has been described to pexy the jejunum to the abdominal wall (Daye et al. 1999).
4.4.5 Utilization
A jejunostomy feeding tube can be used immediately even if the patient is heavily sedated. A liquid diet is required. After calculating the daily requirement the diet is delivery over 24 hours with a pump. The tube can be removed four days after its implantation.
An esophagojejunostomy tube can be placed also if an abdominal surgery is not indicated or possible (Cummings and Daley 2014).
4.4.6 Complications
Complications with jejunostomy tube are not frequent. The most common problem is obstruction of the tube. Also if the concentration of the liquid diet is too high it might induce diarrhea. Usually it is recommended to start with 1/4 to 1/3 of the daily maintenance and increase by 1/4 or 1/3 every day the amount of feeding.
4.5 Gastrojejunostomy Tube
4.5.1 Indications
The combination of a jejunostomy tube and gastrostomy tube is very common during the surgical treatment to septic peritonitis and during the reconstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract (Cavanaugh et al. 2008). The jejunostomy tube is used first to support the patient while vomiting is occurring or the patient is lateral recumbent. The gastrostomy tube is used first to keep the stomach decompressed in an attempt to minimize gastroesophageal reflux, vomiting, and aspiration pneumonia. The gastrostomy is used later to provide more long‐term support to the patient when the vomiting episodes have subsided.
Instead of placing two separate tubes, it is possible to surgically place a gastrotomy tube and then advance within the gastrostomy tube a jejunostomy tube that is directed through the pylorus into the duodenum and the proximal jejunum. A gastrojejunostomy tube can be placed percutaneously (Jergens et al. 2007).
4.5.2 Materials and Equipment
A large diameter (28 Fr) gastrostomy (Kangaroo gastrostomy feeding tube, Medtronics, Minneapolis, MN) and a 9 Fr jejunal feeding tube 89 cm long (Kangaroo jejunostomy feeding Tube, Medtronics, Minneapolis, MN) are used. The jejunostomy tube is weighted.
4.5.3 Technique
The gastrostomy tube is placed first as described above. A flexible tip wire is advanced in the jejunostomy tube. The wire‐jejunostomy tube construct is then advanced in the gastrostomy tube and manually directed through the wall of the stomach in the pylorus and the duodenum. The jejunostomy tube is advanced in the proximal jejunum (Figure 4.11). The wire is removed and the jejunostomy tube is flushed to make sure there is no resistance due to a kink. The jejunostomy tube and the gastrotomy tube connect together with a special adaptor in the hub of the gastrostomy tube.
4.5.4 Tips
To facilitate the placement of the jejunostomy tube it is very helpful to advance the gastrostomy tube first through the pylorus. The gastrostomy tube can be manipulated through the stomach wall to be directed into the pylorus. Then it is easier to feed the jejunostomy tube with its wire in the duodenum. It is also very important not to let the jejunostomy tube make a loop in the stomach. If a loop of the jejunostomy tube is in the stomach, it might kink and occlude the jejunostomy tube. Also, if there is a loop in the stomach the jejunostomy tube might migrate back and coil in the lumen of the stomach.
References
1 Abood, S.K. and Buffington, C.A. (1991). Improved nasogastric intubation technique for administration of nutritional support in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 199 (5): 577–579.
2 Abood, S.K. and Buffington, C.A. (1992). Enteral feeding of dogs and cats: 51 cases (1989–1991). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 201 (4): 619–622.
3 Armstrong, P.J. and Hardie, E.M. (1990b). Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy – a retrospective study of 54 clinical cases in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 4 (4): 202–206.
4 Armstrong, P.J. et al. (1990a). Enteral nutrition by tube. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 20 (1): 237–275.
5 Bright, R.M. et al. (1991). Percutaneous tube gastrostomy for enteral alimentation in small animals. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 13: 15–22.
6 Cavanaugh, R.P. et al. (2008). Evaluation of surgically placed gastrojejunostomy feeding tubes in critically ill dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 232 (3): 380–388.
7 Crowe, D.T. Jr. (1986). Use of a nasogastric tube for gastric and esophageal decompression in the dog and cat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 188 (10): 1178–1182.
8 Crowe, D.T. and Devey, J.J. (1997a). Esophagostomy tubes for feeding and decompression: clinical experience in 29 small animal patients. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 33: 393–403.
9 Crowe, D.T. and Devey, J.J. (1997b). Esophagostomy tubes for feeding and decompression: clinical experience in 29 small animal patients. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 33 (5): 393–403.
10 Cummings, F. and Daley, C.A. (2014). Esophagojejunostomy feeding tube placement in 5 dogs with pancreatitis and anorexia. Vet. Med. Int. 2014: 197294.
11 Daye, R.M. et al. (1999). Interlocking box jejunostomy: a new technique for enteral feeding. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 35 (2): 129–134.
12 Devitt, C.M. and Seim, H.B. (1997). Clinical evaluation of tube esophagostomy in small animals. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 33 (1): 55–60.
13 Herring, J.M. (2016). A novel placement technique for nasogastric and nasoesophageal tubes. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 26 (4): 593–597.
14 Heuter, K. (2004). Placement of jejunal feeding tubes for post‐gastric feeding. Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract. 19 (1): 32–42.
15 Hewitt, S.A. et al. (2004). Evaluation of laparoscopic‐assisted placement of jejunostomy feeding tubes in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 225 (1): 65–71.
16 Jergens, A.E. et al. (2007). Percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy tube placement in healthy dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 21 (1): 18–24.
17 Kanemoto, Y. et al. (2017). Long‐term management of a dog with idiopathic megaesophagus and recurrent aspiration pneumonia by use of an indwelling esophagostomy tube for suction of