1 1 The World Health Organization’s (2002, p. 4) definition of direct violence is: ‘The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.’

      2 2 Please note, Mbembé’s 2019 book was not published when my book manuscript was submitted.

      3 3 www.lawfareblog.com.