Introduction

      The world has become digital, and technological advances have increased the number of different ways for accessing, processing, and distributing data. New technologies are now reaching a certain maturity.

Today, data comes from all sides: geolocation sensors, smartphones, social networks where we share files, videos, photos, etc., Internet shopping transactions by customers, banking transactions through credit cards and so on. In France, out of 65 million people, 83% are Internet users; 42% are registered on Facebook, or 28 million members. More than 72 million phones are activated, and the French spend on average more than 4 hours a day surfing the Internet. French mobile users spend 58 minutes or more there; 68% of the population is registered on social networks. French people spend more than 1 hour and 30 minutes a day on social networks. The development of these masses of data and their access represents what is called “Big Data”. These immaterial data arrive continuously; their processing poses problems, particularly in knowledge extraction. Thus, new methods of automatic information extraction are implemented: for example, “data mining” or “text mining”. They underlie profound changes that affect the economy, marketing, research and even politics. The amount of data will increase sharply with the arrival on the market of connected objects that will gradually come into use. Elements of our daily life are already connected: the car, the television and some household appliances. They are or will be equipped with a chip to collect and transmit data to their users via a computer, tablet or smartphone. The most important thing is that these items will also be able to trade with each other! This will allow us to remotely manipulate the equipment in our home, in our vehicles by connecting to them from our home and outside our home, using smartphones or any other equipment. This is called “the Internet of Things”.

      This phenomenon is now of interest to operational decision-makers (marketing managers, financial managers, etc.) when it comes to analyzing the immense potential of data held by companies in real-time. In order to meet the challenge of “Big Data”, measures should be taken that include all the tools that allow data to be processed in a more restrictive way, as well as all the actors who analyze these data. This will only be possible through an awareness of the gains offered by “data enhancement”. The data in the organized, reorganized bases, processed by statistical methods or econometric modeling, become knowledge.

      For a company it is essential to have more and more data about the environment in which it operates or will operate. We will no longer work on classes of behaviors but on individual analysis. It is easy to understand that this revolution is leading to the creation of so-called “start-up” companies whose aim is the automatic processing of data that make up what is known as “Big Data”. This is certainly one of the components of what some call the “new industrial revolution”. The Internet, digital and connected objects have opened up new horizons in a multitude of fields.

      As an example, access to data allows quantitative and qualitative analyses to be enriched. Customer contacts can be analyzed with data collected by a call center¹; this kind of product can also be offered in limited numbers, as E2S-Conseils does. This needs to be developed by exploring the content of emails, voice calls, and mixing this information with website navigation. Or, study the messages exchanged on social networks (Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, etc.) to identify interesting new products or to know which products are most talked about.

      For data to reach its full value potential, it must be easily accessible to all interested parties without additional barriers and at economically bearable costs. If the data are open to users (Matouk - MTRL review), other specific data processing companies may be created. This activity will meet the needs of users without the need for them to build models and equations themselves. ¹

In addition to its potential in economic terms and for the creation of new activities, the opening up of data is also a matter of philosophical or ethical choice. It quantifies collective human behavior and, therefore, belongs, in fact, to those whose behavior has been measured. The culture of this phenomenon is based on the availability of data towards a communication orientation.

      To limit itself to the economic benefits of open data, a study carried out for the European Commission estimated the total public sector information market in 2008 in the EU at 28 billion euros. According to this study, the overall economic benefits of more open public sector data would amount to about 40 billion euros per year for the EU. For the EU economy as a whole, the total direct and indirect economic gains from the use of ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and applications based on these data would be in the order of 140 billion euros per year.

      The Internet age has massively increased the search for information. Companies are overwhelmed by the flood of data that results from simply surfing the Internet. In other words, they are forced to acquire the relevant information to develop their high value-added strategies in order to master the ever-changing environment. Now, the management of industrial strategies is largely based on the ability of companies to access strategic information to better develop their environment. This information can therefore be the source of new knowledge (knowledge pyramid).

      The process of collecting, processing and interpreting information is a practice that goes beyond the definition of ideas to the realization of those ideas to ensure a better production of knowledge that generates innovations. It is economic intelligence that enables each company to optimize its offer quantitatively and qualitatively and also to optimize its production technologies.

      In addition to the advent of ICT, the speed of production, dissemination and data processing capacity, another element has become important in recent years: time. This temporal element implies a notion of speed of information flow. This calls for a rethinking of corporate strategy, beyond the difficulties posed by the processing of large volumes of data. The value of a data item increases over time and depends on the multiple uses that are made of it.

Remuneration in the digital professions rose sharply in 2018, according to Robert Half's remuneration study². However, HR directors admit that it is often difficult to find the rare pearl: the average recruitment time for an executive manager is four months.

      Figure I.1. Digital golden jobs in 2018. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/monino/control.zip

      For some professions, the jump will be very high. According to Robert Half, the “golden job” in the digital world will be that of SEO Manager with 5-10 years of experience: the remuneration linked to this job should increase by 27% compared to 2017 and reach between 65,000 and 90,000 euros per year. Data scientists, even with little experience, will also see their salaries increase by 22%.

      Figure I.2. TIBCO's data mining and Statistica software. The research and development project of E2S-Conseils in collaboration with the TRIS laboratory has been developed using Tibco's Statistica Data Mining for health research (MONINO L., TIBCO's data mining and Statistica