Remote Detection and Maritime Pollution. Группа авторов
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
© ISTE Ltd 2020
The rights of Stéphane Le Floch and Frédéric Muttin to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020942928
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-639-5
Forewords
The challenges related to the protection and preservation of marine ecosystems rank among the top priorities of the French Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition. Over the past years, our involvement has led, at a national level, to the development of the French law on reclaiming biodiversity, which comprises several initiatives for the protection of the marine environment (recognition of the notion of ecological damage, creation of fishery conservation areas, requirement for ships traveling through the Pelagos and Agoa sanctuaries to be fitted with cetacean collision avoidance systems, supervision of the ballast water management of ships entering French waters, etc.).
At an international level, this involvement led to the selection of ocean protection as a theme for the debates held during COP 21 in Paris in 2015, and its inclusion in the Paris Agreement.
The ministry’s commitment towards preserving the quality of our oceans is also illustrated through the support provided to CEDRE ever since its creation in 1979. This support is both financial and technical, in particular through regular, active participation in its different actions, as illustrated by the Information Day from which this book developed, which underscores CEDRE’s position at the interface between science and the operational aspects inherent to spill response at sea.
Stéphanie CUBIER
Head of the Marine Environment Office at the
French Directorate of Water and Biodiversity
Ministry of the Environment, Energy and the Sea
Oil production at sea is one of the major uses of the ocean. To meet the technical challenges of this industry, it is our duty to preserve what is one of humanity’s key resources. Total, as a leading light in responsible energy, examines and tests the latest advances geared towards minimizing the impact of its activities on the natural environment.
To maintain sufficient safety levels so as to prevent accidental releases, to determine the response actions to be rapidly implemented in the event of an incident and to more fully understand the behavior of oil at sea, Total depends on the research teams liable to support the scientific and technical developments identified so as to preserve the ocean and its ecosystems.
In order to maintain its remote sensing capabilities, Total deploys a research program that encompasses recent developments and promotes exchanges between the different players in the field.
True to its commitment towards meeting the environmental challenges and preserving the environment wherever the Group operates, Total implements anticipatory measures and environmental protection actions against oil pollution. This commitment is illustrated by the support it provides to the activities conducted by CEDRE, with which the Group enjoys close collaboration.
CEDRE’s portfolio of activities clearly positions it at the crossroads of the needs expressed by the different stakeholders and of the proposed solutions promoted by research players.
The CEDRE Information Days, from which this book developed, are a chance to share, discuss and challenge these approaches, in order to pinpoint progress opportunities or even new research projects. Naturally, as an industrial player, Total both benefits from and greatly contributes to these debates.
Frédéric PÉRIÉ
President of CEDRE’s Strategy Committee
Why was remote sensing chosen as the topic of this book? Such systems have been frequently used by CEDRE, in particular during the Prestige oil spill in 2002. Over and above operational aspects, it is also extremely useful for detecting deliberate discharge. In this context, strictly speaking, CEDRE does not conduct remote sensing, but rather works as a partner, in particular alongside the French Navy or within the framework of projects funded by the European Union. We are involved in equipment trials and tests, as well as in analyzing POLREPs, and we have been organizing aerial observation and remote sensing training courses for over 20 years. We also provide advice to the French and foreign authorities in charge of directing operations and of post-response legal aspects. The aim of this book is to offer as broad a vision as possible of remote sensing in the field of marine spills.
Stéphane DOLL
Director of CEDRE
1
POLLUPROOF Project
1.1. Introduction
In cases of maritime pollution by HNS (Hazardous and Noxious Substances), specific methods of identification and characterization are needed. The project POLLUPROOF (which started in January 2014 and ended in mid-2017) aims to test and validate the use of optical sensing methods, including hyperspectral and radar sensors, in order to detect, locate and classify six HNS. In this chapter, the experimental approach followed during the project is detailed: the calibration of optical sensors in mesoscale experiments and the validation of optical and radar sensors in a realistic experiment at sea. The promising results obtained are specifically explained in the other chapters.
Maritime shipping activities are responsible for about 20% of the pollution at sea. Pollutants discharged accidentally or deliberately can endanger the biodiversity and eco-balance of our oceans. Exhaust emissions and cargo mishaps associated with an increase in vessel traffic are sources of pollution that affect both the marine environment (acidification, contamination of flora and fauna) and land (acid rain). This issue has become a priority at the national (Grenelle de la Mer) and regional (European – directives 2005/35 and 2005/33) levels, as demonstrated by the implementation of several international conventions (e.g. OPRC-HNS Protocol [OPR 00], MARPOL (completed in 1978) [MAR 73]). Obviously, the removal or drastic reduction of pollution resulting from maritime activities is a desirable objective. The magnitude of the problem is highlighted by the quantity of goods transported by sea: of an estimated 8,000 million tonnes (Mt) of chemicals transported worldwide, 350 Mt are transported via European waterways. It is estimated that there are more than 100 incidents per year involving the illegal discharge of noxious liquid substances in these waters. For over 25 years, French Customs (DGDDI) have deployed aircraft equipped with remote sensing instruments (radar and scanner IR/UV), in order to successfully prosecute ships involved in oil spill incidents. The effectiveness of this policy has been demonstrated through a significant reduction in oil pollution in the waters under French jurisdiction (during the period between 2006 and 2012, the number of ships caught polluting was reduced by threefold).
This chapter presents the POLLUPROOF project through its objectives and the experimental approach used