Genome Engineering for Crop Improvement. Группа авторов

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Genome Engineering for Crop Improvement - Группа авторов


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the introduction of the new cluster and swift ion beams (MeVSIMS) (Nakata et al. 2008), the ion yield in the higher mass range has been significantly improved (Jeromel et al. 2014), allowing the detection of intact lipids and secondary metabolites (Jenčič et al. 2016, 2017). However, ion intensities in them/z ~ 800 range are still orders of magnitude lower than intensities around m/z ~ 100, and sensitivity to intact metabolites is thus significantly lower than with other MS imaging techniques. Due to the high degree of fragmentation in SIMS experiments, characteristic fragments of analytes are often imaged rather than the intact analytes. SIMS does not require much sample preparation (no matrix is needed as with MALDI), but the fact that the analysis takes place in a vacuum means that the samples need to be freeze‐dried before being introduced into the vacuum or measured under cryogenic conditions (Dickinson et al. 2006).

Schematic illustration of spatial distribution of organic compound fitting the peak of m/z equals 182, presumably belonging to phenolics in a wheat grain cross-section imaged by MeV-SIMS.

      FTIR imaging can discriminate between individual cells in plant samples. Cell walls and large structures within cells such as starch granules and protein bodies, in intact hydrothermally processed and digested wheat (Triticum aestivum) kernels, were observed. Gelatinized and native starch within cells could be distinguished, and also the loss of starch during wheat digestion was observed (Warren et al. 2015).

Schematic illustrations of SR-FTIR chemical mapping of the Tartary buckwheat grain cross-section comprising the cotyledon (C) and endosperm (E) as shown in the microscopic image (a) with the red rectangle indicating the area of mapping and the corresponding maps related to lipids (CH2, b), lipids (CH3, c), esters (d), amide I (e), amide II (f), total carbohydrates (g), cellulose (h) and lignin (i) SR-FTIR spectra were recorded on the SISSI beamline, Elettra, Trieste, Italy. Schematic illustration of SR-FTIR chemical mapping of the wheat grain cross-section comprising the husk, aleurone layer and endosperm as shown in the microscopic image (a) and corresponding maps related to esters, representing fats (b), amide II representing proteins (c) and coupling of the CO and CC stretching representing starch (d).
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