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8 simple ridges, 4+0+4 unknown narrow interfemoral membrane, calcar absent Micropteropus 49–64 very short yes shoulders – long white hair 6 prominent ridges (1^st undivided, remainder divided by prominent medial gap), followed by variable number of narrow serrated ridges, 1+5+2–4 unknown Myonycteris 66–88 short no throat – ruff of long sticky hair usually 8 or 9 ridges, 3+4+2 inserts on 2nd toe metacarpal and first phalanx of 5^th digit = (or >) forearm length Epomophorus 60–95 absent yes shoulders – long white hair 6 thin ridges, typically 4+2+0, except E. dobsonii which has 5 thick ridges and 3–4 thin ridges (see genus matrix) inserts on 2^nd toe face as long as braincase Epomops 80–104 absent yes shoulders – long white hair 3 thick undivided and 5–8 thin ridges, 3+0+5–8 inserts on 2^nd toe face much shorter than braincase Rousettus 86–106 short no two restricted glandular areas with stiffened hairs on sides of neck typically 8 ridges, 4+3+1 inserts on 1^st toe or between 1^st and 2^nd metacarpal and first phalanx of 5^th digit much shorter than forearm length Stenonycteris* 85–95 short no two restricted glandular areas with stiffened hairs on sides of neck 8 ridges, 4+3+1 inserts on 1^st toe or between 1^st and 2^nd metacarpal and first phalanx of 5^th digit much shorter than forearm length Eidolon 110–130 short (∼15 mm) no glandular hairs on neck 8–11 ridges, 4+3+1–4 or 3+4+1–4 inserts on 1^st toe; naked wing dorsal fur restricted to narrow band Hypsignathus 114–134 absent yes absent 10–11 ridges, the first 5 are thick while the remainder are thin unknown large, swollen muzzle, especially pronounced in males

¹ Palatal formula indicates, from front to back, three groups: undivided ridges, divided ridges and thin serrated ridges near the posterior end of the palate^* Stenonycteris can be readily distinguished from Rousettus by its comparatively long fur

      TABLE 6.

      TABLE 6. IDENTIFICATION MATRIX FOR SPECIES WITHIN THE GENUS EPOMOPHORUS (PTEROPODIDAE)

SPECIES	FA (MM)	DISTINGUISHING COLOUR AND MARKS	PALATAL RIDGES	ROOST	RANGE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
E. labiatus	58–66	-	2nd to 4th ridges not divided	banana trees, palm roofs of huts	widespread in Malawi and Zambia
E. grandis	62–66	-	2nd to 6th ridges divided by narrow groove	not known	restricted to Angola and DRC
E. anselli	64–77	-	2nd to 4th ridges not divided	not known	known from northeast Malawi and southern DRC (and may occur in eastern Zambia)
E. wahlbergi	69–93	broad muzzle	only 1 post-dental palatal ridge	dense foliage of tall trees	widespread and abundant in eastern parts
E. crypturus	75–88	narrow muzzle	2 post-dental palatal ridges; 4th ridge is midway between 3rd and 5th ridges	dense foliage of tall trees	widespread and abundant in eastern parts
E. angolensis	76–94	narrow muzzle	2 post-dental palatal ridges; 4th ridge closer to 3rd than 5th ridge	not known	restricted to southwestern Angola and northwestern Namibia
E. dobsonii	80–92	broad muzzle	2 thick post-dental palatal ridges, each with 2 triangular projections	probably dense foliage of tall trees	widespread in northern parts

      TABLE 7.

      TABLE 7. IDENTIFICATION MATRIX FOR SPECIES WITHIN THE GENUS MYONYCTERIS (PTEROPODIDAE)

SPECIES	FA (MM)	PALATAL RIDGES	ROOST	RANGE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
M. torquata	< 65	typically 9 ridges, 3+4+2	probably trees	marginal into region: restricted to rainforests of Central and West Africa
M. relicta	69–71	typically 8 ridges, 3+3+2	not known	widespread along eastern coastal parts
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