14. Querría agradecer muy sinceramente a Isidro Vanegas, María Victoria Dotor, María Claudia Parada, Marixa Lasso, Francisco Ortega, los participantes en el simposio “Cultura política y subalternidad en América Latina”, y a todo el equipo del departamento de Historia de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia.

15. Florencia E. Mallon, “The Promise and Dilemma of Subaltern Studies: Perspectives from Latin American History”, The American Historical Review, vol. 99, nº 5, diciembre de 1994, pp. 1491-1515.

16. Ranajit Guha y Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, eds., Selected Subaltern Studies, New York, Oxford University Press, 1988.

17. Ileana Rodríguez, “Hegemonía y dominio: Subalternidad, un significado flotante”, en Teorías sin disciplina: Latinoamericanismo, poscolonialidad y globalización en debate, Santiago Castro-Gómez y Eduardo Mendieta, eds., México, Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 1998, pp. 101-120; El Habib Louai, “Retracing the Concept of the Subaltern from Gramsci to Spivak: Historical Developments and New Applications”, African Journal of History and Culture, vol. 4, nº 1, enero de 2012, pp. 4-8.

18. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, en Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Cary Nelson y Lawrence Grossberg, eds., Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp. 271-313; Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993.

19. Ranajit Guha, “On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India”, en Ranajit Guha y Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, eds., Selected Subaltern Studies, New York, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 44.

20. James E. Sanders, The Vanguard of the Atlantic World: Creating Modernity, Nation, and Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, Durham, Duke University Press, 2014.

21. E. Bradford Burns, The Poverty of Progress: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980.

22. David Bushnell, The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993, pp. 65, 74, 78.

23. Ranajit Guha, “On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India”, ob. cit., p. 43. Ver también Gyan Prakash, “Subaltern Studies as Post-Colonial Criticism”, The American Historical Review, vol. 99, nº 5, diciembre de 1994, p. 1476.

24. Tulio Halperín Donghi, Historia contemporánea de América Latina, Madrid, Alianza editorial, 2005, p. 135.

25. Esta historiografía ha crecido tanto que es difícil citar todas las obras. Temo que vayan a faltar muchas, así que pido disculpas por las omisiones inadvertidas: Florencia E. Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Post-Colonial Mexico and Peru, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995; Nelson Manrique, Campesinado y nación: Las guerrillas indígenas en la guerra con Chile, Lima, Centro de Investigación y Capacitación, 1981; Gilbert M. Joseph y Daniel Nugent, eds., Everyday Forms of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico, Durham, Duke University Press, 1994; Marixa Lasso, Myths of Harmony: Race and Republicanism during the Age of Revolution, Colombia 1795–1831, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007; Alfonso Múnera, El fracaso de la nación: Región, clase y raza en el Caribe colombiano (1717-1810), Bogotá, Banco de la República, 1998; Laurent Dubois, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787–1804, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2004; Antonio Annino y François-Xavier Guerra, eds., Inventando la nación: Iberoamérica, siglo XIX,, México D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2003; Mónica Quijada, “From Spain to New Spain: Revisiting the Potestas Populi in Hispanic Political Thought”, Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos, vol. 24, nº 2, verano de 2008, pp. 185–219; Hilda Sábato, ed., Ciudadanía política y formación de las naciones: Perspectivas históricas de América Latina, México D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1999; Hilda Sábato, The Many and the Few: Political Participation in Republican Buenos Aires, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2001; Mark Thurner, From Two Republics to One Divided: Contradictions of Post-Colonial Nationmaking in Andean Peru, Durham, Duke University Press, 1997; Gabriel Di Meglio, ¡Viva el bajo pueblo! La plebe urbana de Buenos Aires y la política entre la Revolución de Mayo y el rosismo (1810-1829), Buenos Aires, Prometeo Libros, 2013; Peter F. Guardino, The Time of Liberty: Popular Political Culture in Oaxaca, 1750–1850, Durham, Duke University Press, 2005; Elías José Palti, La invención de una legitimidad: Razón y retórica en el pensamiento mexicano del siglo XIX, México D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2005; Sarah C. Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics in Arequipa, Peru, 1780–1854, University Park, PA, Penn State University Press, 1999; Isidro Vanegas, ed., El siglo diecinueve colombiano, Bogotá, Ediciones Plural, 2017; George Reid Andrews, Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000, New York, Oxford University Press, 2004; Romana Falcón, ed., Culturas de pobreza y resistencia: Estudios de marginados, proscritos y descontentos, México, 1804–1910, México, El Colegio de México, 2005; Ada Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868–1898, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1999; Sonia Alda Mejias, La participación indígena en la construcción de la República de Guatemala, S. XIX, Madrid, UAM Ediciones, 2000; Greg Grandin, The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation, Durham, Duke University Press, 2000; Charles F. Walker, Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840, Durham, Duke University Press, 1999; Guy P.C. Thomson con David G. LaFrance, Patriotism, Politics, and Popular Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Mexico: Juan Francisco Lucas and the Puebla Sierra, Wilmington, DE, Scholarly Resources, 1999; Rosalina Ríos Zúñiga, Formar ciudadanos: Sociedad civil y movilización popular en Zacatecas, 1821-1853, México, UNAM, 2005; Ulrich Muecke, Political Culture in Nineteenth-Century Peru: The Rise of the Partido Civil, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004; James E. Sanders, Contentious Republicans: Popular Politics, Race, and Class in Nineteenth-Century Colombia, Durham, Duke University Press, 2004; Brooke Larson, Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004; Richard A. Warren, Vagrants and Citizens: Politics and the Masses in Mexico City from Colony to Republic, Wilmington, DE, Scholarly Resources, 2001; Cecilia Méndez, The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820–1850, Durham, Duke University Press, 2005; Víctor Peralta Ruiz y Marta Irurozqui, Por la concordia, la fusión y el unitarismo: Estado y caudillismo en Bolivia, 1825–1880, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000; Dalia Antonia Muller, Cuban Émigrés and Independence in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf World, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 2017; Peter M. Beattie, The Tribute of Blood: Army, Honor, Race, and Nation in Brazil, 1864–1945, Durham, Duke University Press, 2001; Celso Thomas Castilho, Slave Emancipation and Transformations of Brazilian Political Citizenship, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016; Clément Thibaud, Repúblicas en armas: Los ejércitos bolivarianos en la guerra de independencia en Colombia y Venezuela, Bogotá, Planeta, 2003; Gunnar Mendoza L., Rossana Barragán R., Dora Cajías y Seemin Qayum, eds., El siglo XIX: Bolivia y América Latina, La Paz, Muela del Diablo Editores, 1997; Timo H. Schaefer, Liberalism as Utopia: The Rise and Fall