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The psychologist would explain the unconscious from the nature of consciousness; Freud, on the other hand, explains consciousness from the nature and function of the unconscious.

      The assertion that much of our thinking is symbolic in its nature, due to the fact that it serves as a sort of safety-valve for the escape of our repressed complexes, is of course a problem which can never be solved by appeal to consciousness alone. And it is so with most of the other positions which Freud has taken; we are following pathways where introspection is no guide. Thus he would have us shift the emphasis in psychology from a study of consciousness over to a study of the unconscious. Consciousness, for him, is but the surface; it is in the depths below consciousnes that true reality is found.

      We may then sum up the contribution which Freud has made to the psychology of the unconscious as follows: he has supposed that the unconscious consists of two streams of tendencies, or energy, one stream striving to revive all the time experiences which would be repugnant to us, and which we have outgrown, and the other striving to check the revival of such tendencies. As a result of this conflict, we have intro- duced into our thoughts and acts, especially in conditions when barriers are somewhat down (as in dreams, lapses, neuroses, reveries), a vast deal of the symbolic and the indirect methods of presentation.

      Now is such activity as we have been considering mental in its nature — are the unconscious associations and connections of which we have been speaking really associations and thoughts that go on under- neath the surface? Or are we dealing with a very complex degree of nervous activity, and with that alone? Freud nowhere states his own position definitely, though it is perhaps too easy to accuse him of lean- ings toward the mental interpretation. What he has done is rather to open up new lines of approach to the problem, to give us a consistent and closely reasoned interpretation of observed facts. Psychologists are beginning to recognize that, right or wrong, he must be reckoned with. He has given a stimulus to work along this line that may go a long way toward the ultimate solution of some of our baffling psycho- logical problems.

      Works

       Table of Contents

      A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOANALYSIS

       Table of Contents

Table of Contents

       PREFACE

       PART I. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ERRORS

       FIRST LECTURE. INTRODUCTION

       SECOND LECTURE. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ERRORS

       THIRD LECTURE. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ERRORS —(CONTINUED)

       FOURTH LECTURE. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ERRORS —(CONCLUSION)

       PART II. THE DREAM

       FIFTH LECTURE. DIFFICULTIES AND PRELIMINARY APPROACH

       SIXTH LECTURE. HYPOTHESIS AND TECHNIQUE OF INTERPRETATION

       SEVENTH LECTURE. MANIFEST DREAM CONTENT AND LATENT DREAM THOUGHT

       EIGHTH LECTURE. DREAMS OF CHILDHOOD

       NINTH LECTURE. THE DREAM CENSOR

       TENTH LECTURE. SYMBOLISM IN THE DREAM

       ELEVENTH LECTURE. THE DREAM–WORK

       TWELFTH LECTURE. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE DREAMS

       THIRTEENTH LECTURE. ARCHAIC REMNANTS AND INFANTILISM IN THE DREAM

       FOURTEENTH LECTURE. WISH FULFILLMENT

       FIFTEENTH LECTURE. DOUBTFUL POINTS AND CRITICISM

       PART III. GENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES

       SIXTEENTH LECTURE. PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHIATRY

       SEVENTEENTH LECTURE. THE MEANING OF THE SYMPTOMS

       EIGHTEENTH LECTURE. TRAUMATIC FIXATION — THE UNCONSCIOUS

       NINETEENTH LECTURE. RESISTANCE AND SUPPRESSION

       TWENTIETH LECTURE. THE SEXUAL LIFE OF MAN

       TWENTY-FIRST LECTURE. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIBIDO AND SEXUAL ORGANIZATIONS

       TWENTY-SECOND LECTURE. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND REGRESSION — ETIOLOGY

       TWENTY-THIRD LECTURE. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYMPTOMS

       TWENTY-FOURTH LECTURE. ORDINARY NERVOUSNESS

       TWENTY-FIFTH LECTURE. FEAR AND ANXIETY

       TWENTY-SIXTH LECTURE. THE LIBIDO THEORY AND NARCISM

       TWENTY-SEVENTH LECTURE. TRANSFERENCE

       TWENTY-EIGHTH LECTURE. ANALYTICAL THERAPY

      PREFACE

       Table of Contents

      Few, especially in this country, realize that while Freudian themes have rarely found a place on the programs of the American Psychological Association,

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