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rate (consumer prices): 2% (1997 est.)

      Labor force: 144,000 (1995 est.); note—includes foreign workers

       and military personnel

       note: temporary residents make up 41% of labor force (1991)

      Labor force—by occupation: government 48%, production of oil,

       natural gas, services, and construction 42%, agriculture, forestry,

       and fishing 4%, other 6% (1986 est.)

      Unemployment rate: 4.8% (1994 est.)

      Budget:

       revenues: $2.5 billion

       expenditures: $2.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $768

       million (1995 est.)

      Industries: petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas,

       construction

      Industrial production growth rate: 4% (1997 est.)

      Electricity—production: 1.48 billion kWh (1996)

      Electricity—production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)

      Electricity—consumption: 1.48 billion kWh (1996)

      Electricity—exports: 0 kWh (1996)

      Electricity—imports: 0 kWh (1996)

      Agriculture—products: rice, cassava (tapioca), bananas; water buffalo

      Exports: $2.62 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.)

      Exports—commodities: crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum

       products

      Exports—partners: ASEAN 31%, Japan 27%, South Korea 26%, UK,

       Taiwan (1996 est.)

      Imports: $2.65 billion (c.i.f., 1996 est.)

      Imports—commodities: machinery and transport equipment,

       manufactured goods, food, chemicals

      Imports—partners: Singapore 29%, UK 19%, US 13%, Malaysia 9%,

       Japan 5% (1994 est.)

      Debt—external: $0

      Economic aid—recipient: $4.3 million (1995)

      Currency: 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

      Exchange rates: Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1—1.6781 (January 1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996), 1.4174 (1995), 1.5274 (1994); note—the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      Communications

      Telephones: 90,000 (1997 est.)

      Telephone system: service throughout country is excellent;

       international service good to Europe, US, and East Asia

       domestic: NA

       international: satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean

       and 1 Pacific Ocean)

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 10, shortwave 0 (1998)

      Radios: 284,000 (1995 est.)

      Television broadcast stations: 2 (1997)

      Televisions: 173,000 (1995 est.)

      Transportation

      Railways:

       total: 13 km (private line)

       narrow gauge: 13 km 0.610-m gauge

      Highways: total: 1,150 km paved: 399 km unpaved: 751 km (1996 est.)

      Waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m

      Pipelines: crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural

       gas 920 km

      Ports and harbors: Bandar Seri Begawan, Kuala Belait, Muara,

       Seria, Tutong

      Merchant marine:

       total: 7 liquefied gas tankers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476

       GRT/340,635 DWT (1998 est.)

      Airports: 2 (1998 est.)

      Airports—with paved runways:

       total: 1

       over 3,047 m: 1 (1998 est.)

      Airports—with unpaved runways:

       total: 1

       914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1998 est.)

      Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)

      Military

      Military branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei

       Police

      Military manpower—military age: 18 years of age

      Military manpower—availability:

       males age 15–49: 88,628 (1999 est.)

      Military manpower—fit for military service:

       males age 15–49: 51,270 (1999 est.)

      Military manpower—reaching military age annually:

       males: 3,078 (1999 est.)

      Military expenditures—dollar figure: $343 million (1997)

      Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 6% (1997)

      Transnational Issues

      Disputes—international: possibly involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands, but has not publicly claimed the island

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      @Bulgaria————

      Introduction

      Background: A Slavic state, Bulgaria achieved independence in 1908 after 500 years of Ottoman rule. Bulgaria fought on the losing side in both World Wars. After World War II it fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. Communist domination ended in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, and Bulgaria began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy. In addition to the problems of structural economic reform, particularly privatization, Bulgaria faces the serious issues of keeping inflation under control and unemployment, combatting corruption, and curbing black-market and mafia-style crime.

      Geography

      Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between

       Romania and Turkey

      Geographic coordinates: 43 00 N, 25 00 E

      Map references: Europe

      Area:

       total: 110,910 sq km

       land: 110,550 sq km

       water: 360 sq km

      Area—comparative: slightly larger than Tennessee

      Land boundaries:

       total: 1,808 km

       border countries: Greece 494 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of

       Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and Montenegro 318 km (all

       with Serbia), Turkey 240 km

      Coastline: 354 km

      Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

      Climate: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

      Terrain: mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point:

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