Practical Essays. Alexander Bain
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"Institutes" a landmark.
Bacon's Essay on Studies. Hobbes.
Milton's Tractate on Education.
Locke's "Conduct of the Understanding" very specific as to rules of Study.
Watts's work entitled "The Improvement of the Mind".
What an Art of Study should attempt.
Mode of approaching it.
I. First Maxim—"Select a Text-book-in-chief".
Violations of the maxim: Milton's system.
Form or Method to be looked to, in the chief text-book.
The Sciences. History.
Non-methodical subjects.
Repudiation of plans of study by some.
Merits to be sought in a principal Text-book.
Question as between old writers and new.
Paradoxical extreme—one book and no more.
Single all-sufficing books do not exist.
Illustration from Locke's treatment of the Bible.
II. "What constitutes the study of a book?"
1. Copying literally:—Defects of this plan.
2. Committing to memory word for word.
Profitable only for brief portions of a book.
Memory in extension and intension.
3. Making Abstracts.
Variety of modes of abstracting.
4. Locke's plan of reading.
A sense of Form must concur with abstracting.
Example from the Practice of Medicine.
Example from the Oratorical Art
Choice of a series of Speeches to begin upon.
An oratorical scheme essential.
Exemplary Speeches.
Illustration from the oratorical quality of negative tact. Macaulay's Speeches on Reform.
Study for improvement in Style.
III. Distributing the Attention in Reading.
IV. Desultory Reading.
V. Proportion of book-reading to Observation at first hand.
VI. Adjuncts of Reading.—Conversation.
Original Composition.
VIII. RELIGIOUS TESTS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS.
Pursuit of Truth has three departments:—order of nature, ends of practice, and the supernatural.
Growth of Intolerance. How innovations became possible.
In early society, religion a part of the civil government.
Beginnings of toleration—dissentients from the State Church.
Evils attendant on Subscription:—the practice inherently fallacious.
Enforcement of creeds nugatory for the end in view.
Dogmatic uniformity only a part of the religious character: element of Feeling.
Recital of the general argument for religious liberty.
Beginnings of prosecution for heresy in Greece:—Anaxagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.
Forced reticence in recent times:—Carlyle, Macaulay, Lyell.
Evil of disfranchising the Clerical class.
Outspokenness a virtue to be encouraged.
Special necessities of the present time: conflict of advancing knowledge with the received orthodoxy.
Objections answered:—The Church has engaged itself to the State to teach given tenets.
Possible abuse of freedom by the clergy.
The history of the English Presbyterian Church exemplifies the absence of Subscription.
Various modes of transition from the prevailing practice.
IX. PROCEDURE OF DELIBERATIVE BODIES.
Growing evil of the intolerable length of Debates.
Hurried decisions might be obviated by allowing an interval previous to the vote.
The oral debate reviewed.—Assumptions underlying it, fully examined.
Evidence that, in Parliament, it is not the main engine of persuasion.
Its real service is to supply the newspaper reports.
Printing, without speaking, would serve the end in view.
Proposal to print and distribute beforehand the reasons for each Motion.
Illustration from decisions on Reports of Committees.
Movers of Amendments to follow the same course.
Further proposal to give to each member the liberty of circulating a speech in print, instead of delivering it.
The dramatic element in legislation much thought of.
Comparison of the advantages of reading and of listening.
The numbers of backers to a motion should be proportioned to the size of the assembly.
Absurdity of giving so much power to individuals.
In the House of Commons twenty backers to each bill not too many.
The advantages of printed speeches. Objections.
Unworkability of the plan in Committees. How remedied.
In putting questions to Ministers, there should be at least ten backers.
How to compensate for the suppression of oratory in the House:—Sectional discussions.
The divisions occasioned at one sitting to be taken at the beginning of the next.
Every deliberative body must be free to determine what amount of speaking it requires.
The English Parliamentary system considered as a model.
Lord Derby and Lord Sherbrooke on the extension of printing.
Defects of the present system becoming more apparent.
Notes and References in connection with Essay VIII. on Subscription
First imposition of Tests after the English Reformation.
Dean Milman's speech in favour of total abolition of Tests.
Tests in Scotland: Mr. Taylor Innes on the "Law of Creeds".
Resumption of Subscription in the English Presbyterian Church.
Other English Dissenting Churches.
Presbyterian Church in the United States.
French Protestant Church—its two divisions.
Switzerland:—Canton of Valid.
Independent Evangelical Church of Neuchatel.
National Protestant Church of Geneva.
Free Church of Geneva. Germanic Switzerland.
Hungarian Reformed Church.
Germany:—Recent