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Demographics Etiology Diagnostic Work‐up Natural History and Risk of Progression Preventing Recurrences and Disease Progression Conclusion Acknowledgment References 21 Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach to Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency after Acute Pancreatitis Introduction Symptoms Diagnosis Management Summary References 22 Asymptomatic Chronic Elevation of Serum Pancreatic Enzymes Introduction Physiology of Pancreatic Enzymes Pancreatic Abnormalities in Patients with Pancreatic Hyperenzymemia Gastrointestinal Diseases and Pancreatic Hyperenzymemia Macroenzymemia Systemic Conditions Associated with Hyperenzymemia Drug‐induced Hyperenzymemia Extrapancreatic Abnormalities in Patients with Hyperenzymemia Benign Pancreatic Hyperenzymemia (Gullo Syndrome) Algorithm for Management of CAPH (Figure 22.2) Conclusions References

      9  Section II: Chronic Pancreatitis 23 Definition and Etiology of Chronic Pancreatitis Definition of Key Terms and Concepts Traditional Definitions of Chronic Pancreatitis Mechanistic Definition of Chronic Pancreatitis Progressive Model of CP Risk Factors and Etiologies Subtypes of Inflammatory Diseases of the Pancreas References 24 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis Why is Chronic Pancreatitis Epidemiology so Imprecise? Epidemiology Why are Reported Data on Incidence and Prevalence of Chronic Pancreatitis Discrepant? General Characteristics of Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis Mortality Conclusion References 25 Alcoholic Chronic Pancreatitis and the Impact of Alcohol and Smoking Cessation in Chronic Pancreatitis Introduction Epidemiology Direct Cellular Effects of Alcohol on the Pancreas Individual Susceptibility to Alcoholic Pancreatitis Impact of Alcohol and Smoking Cessation Summary References 26 What is Relevant on Genetics in Chronic Pancreatitis for Clinical Practice? What Genes and When to Evaluate Them? Introduction How to Screen Probability of Identifying Genetic Variants in CP Patients Which Genes are Clinically Relevant? Screening for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene Variants What to do When a Variant has been Identified? Increased Risk for Pancreatic Cancer in Chronic Pancreatitis Patients How can Genetic Association Studies Change our Clinical Practice? References 27 Pancreas Divisum and Other Potential Obstructive Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis Introduction Idiopathic Pancreatitis Pancreas Divisum Other Potential Obstructive Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis Disclosures References 28 What to do in Clinical Practice Before Defining a Chronic Pancreatitis as Idiopathic? A Practical Protocol Introduction Etiologies of Chronic Pancreatitis Diagnostic

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