Organon. Aristotle
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Chap. 4. Of the Use of these Places for Demonstrating what is Eligible or to be Avoided (τὸ αἱρετὸν ἤ φευκτόν). Chap. 5. Of Topics pre-eminently Universal from the more and greater. Chap. 6. That the above Places are useful for Particular Problems.
Chap. 1. Of Topics relative to Genus. Chap. 2. Of Topics relative to Genus, Species, and Difference. Chap. 3. Of the proper Constitution of Genus and Species. Chap. 4. Of Topics belonging to Similitude, Relatives, etc. Chap. 5. Topics relative to Genus continued. Chap. 6. Of Topics relative to Genus, continued.
Chap. 1. Upon Property. Chap. 2. Of the correct Exposition of the Property. Chap. 3. Topics connected with Property continued. Chap. 4. Topics relative to the Question, whether the assigned be Property or not. Chap. 5. The same Subject continued. Chap. 6. Of Property from Opposites. Chap. 7. Of Property as to Cases. Chap. 8. Of Property from the More and Less. Chap. 9. Topics upon Property as to Capacity, etc.
Chap. 1. On Places connected with Definition. Chap. 2. Of Places relative to defining rightly. Chap. 3. Of Superfluity in Definition. Chap. 4. As to whether the Definition contains what a thing is. Chap. 5. Topics connected with Definition, as to Genus. Chap. 6. Of Difference, as to Genus, Species, etc. Chap. 7. Whether another Definition may be more explicit, etc. Chap. 8. Of Definition as to Relation. Chap. 9. Of Definition as to Contraries, etc. Chap. 10. As to the similarity of cases in the Definition and in the Noun. Chap. 11. Of Composite and Singular Definition. Chap. 12. The same subject continued. Chap. 13. Of Distinctive Notions in Definition. Chap. 14. On the Definition of the whole as a Composite, etc.
Chap. 1. Of the Question whether a Thing be the same or different. Chap. 2. Distinction between Confirmative and Subversive Places of Definition. Chap. 3. Of Topics suitable to confirming Definition. Chap. 4. That the Places already mentioned, are the most appropriate of all. Chap. 5. Of Confirmation and Subversion of Definition.
Chap. 1. Of the Order of Argument. Chap. 2. Other Topics relative to Dialectic Interrogation. Chap. 3. Of Dialectic Argument generally. Chap. 4. Of Dialectic Responsion. Chap. 5. Various Objects in Disputation of the Thesis, etc. Chap. 6. Certain Rules as to Admissible Points. Chap. 7. The Practice of the Respondent in cases of Ambiguity. Chap. 8. Of Responsion to Induction. Chap. 9. Of the Defence of the Thesis. Chap. 10. Of the Solution of False Arguments, and of the Methods of preventing the Conclusion. Chap. 11. Of the Reprehension of Argument. Chap. 12. Of Evident and False Reasoning. Chap. 13. Of Petitio Principii, and Contraries. Chap. 14. Of Dialectic Exercise.
Chapter 1
The purpose of this treatise is to discover a method by which we shall be able to syllogize about every proposed problem from probabilities, and when we ourselves sustain the argument we may assert nothing repugnant. First, then, we must declare what a syllogism is and what are its differences, in order that the dialectic syllogism may be apprehended, for we investigate this in the proposed treatise.
A syllogism then is a discourse in which, certain things being laid down, something different from the posita happens from necessity through the things laid down. Demonstration indeed is when a syllogism consists of things true and primary, or of such a kind as assume the principle of the knowledge concerning them through certain things primary and true; but the dialectic syllogism is that which is collected from probabilities. Things true and primary indeed are those which obtain belief, not through others, but through themselves, as there is no necessity to investigate the "why" in scientific