Oral Biofilms. Группа авторов
Читать онлайн книгу.
be if the building in which the clinic is situated, such as a hospital, has a complex water system, or if the water supply to the clinic is accidentally contaminated with bacteria as a result of renovations and repair. It is recommended that the water in DUWLs is specifically checked after such accidents. Another clinic-related problem is when the clinic has insufficient routines or has chosen an insufficient method for water cleaning.
Conclusions
Biofilm formation and a high number of microorganisms in the output water of DWULs has been a main concern in dental practice for several decades. Today, most brands of dental units are equipped with in-built methods for reducing the number of microorganisms and/or eliminating biofilms. For older units, means of cleaning the water are available on the market and have a good efficiency. Ultimately, it is the handling and compliance with instructions rather than the cleaning procedure itself that determines whether a clinic maintains an appropriate standard of water in its dental unit systems.
Acknowledgements
Mrs. Susanne Blomqvist is gratefully acknowledged for fruitful discussions during preparation of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding Sources
No funding was raised or used for preparing this paper.
References
1Pankhurst CL, Philpott-Howard JN: The microbiological quality of water in dental chair units. J Hosp Infect 1993;23:167–174.
2Walker JT, Bradshaw DJ, Finney M, Fulford MR, Frandsen ER, Östergaard E, ten Cate JM, Moorer WR, Schel AJ, Mavridou A, Kamma JJ, Mandilara G, Stösser L, Kneist S, Araujo R, Contrers N, Goroncy-Bermes P, O’Mullane D, Burke F, Forde A, O’Sullivan M, Marsh PD: Microbial evaluation of dental unit water systems in general dental practice in Europe. Eur J Oral Sci 2004;112:412–418.
3Dahlen G, Alenäs-Jarl E, Hjort G: Water quality in water lines of dental units in the Public Dental Health service in Göteborg, Sweden. Swe Dent J 2009;33:161–172.
4Coleman DC, O´Donell MJ, Shore AC, Russell RJ: Biofilm problems in dental unit water systems and its practical control. J Appl Microbiol 2009;106:1424–1437.
5Donlan RM: Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:881–890.
6Williams JF, Johnston AM, Johnson B, Huntington MK, McKenzie CD: Microbial contamination of dental unit water lines: prevalence, intensity and microbiological characteristics. J Am Dent Assoc 1993;124:59–65.
7Walker JT, Bradshaw DJ, Bennett AM, Fulford MR, Martin MV, Marsh PD: Microbial biofilm formation and contamination of dental-unit water systems in general practice. Appl Environment Microbiol 2000;66:3363–3367.
8Smith AJ, McHugh S, McCormick L, Stansfield R, McMillan A, Hood J: A cross-sectional study of water quality from dental water unit lines in dental practices in the West of Scotland. Br Dent J 2002;192:645–648.
9Pankhurst CL, Philpott-Howard JN, Hewitt JH, Casewell MW: The efficacy of chlorination and filtration in the control and eradication of Legionella from dental chair water systems. J Hosp Infect 1990;16:9–18.
1010 Zemouri C, de Soet H, Crielaard W, Laheij A: A scoping review on bio-aerosols in health care and the dental environment. PLoS One 2017;12:e0178007.
11Mercante JW, Winchell JM: Current and emerging Legionella diagnostics for laboratory and outbreaks investigations. Clin Microbial Rev 2015;28:95–133.
12Ricci ML, Fontana S, Pinci F, Fiumana E, Pedna MF, Farolfi P, et al: Pneumonia associated with a dental unit water line. Lancet 2012;61:1208–1213.
13Lau HY, Ashbolt NJ: The role of biofilms and protozoa in Legionella pathogenesis: implications for drinking water. J Appl Microbiol 2009;107:368–378.
14Vento S, Cainelli F, Temesgen Z: Lung infections after cancer chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol 2008;9:982–992.
15Williams BJ, Dehnbostel J, Blackwell TS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: host defence in lung diseases. Respiratology 2010;15:1037–1056.
16Al-Hiyasat AS, Maáyeh SY, Hindiyeh MY, Khader YS: The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the dental unit waterline systems of teaching clinics. Int J Dent Hyg 2007;5:36–44.
17Mainz JG, Gerber A, Lorenz M, Michl R, Hentschel J, Nader A, Beck JF, Pletz MW, Mueller AH: Pseudomonas aeruginosa acquisition in cystic fibrosis patients in context of otorhinolaryngological surgery or dental attendance: case series and discussion of preventive concepts. Case Rep Infect Dis 2015;2015:438517.
18Challacombe SJ, Fernandes LL: Detecting Legionella pneumophila in water systems: a comparison of various dental units. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:603–608.
19Zanetti F, Stampi S, De Luca G, Fateh-Moghadam P, Bucci Sabattini MA, Checchi L: Water characteristics associated with the occurrence of Legionella pneumophila in dental units. Eur J Oral Sci 2000;108:22–28.
20Trabelsi H, Sellami A, Dendena F, Sellami H, Cheikh-Rouhou F, Makni F, Ben DS, Ayadi A: Free-living amoebae (FLA): morphological and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba in dental unit water. Parasite 2010;17:67–70.
2121Hsu BM, Huang CC, Chen JS, Chen NH, Huang JT: Comparison of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba hosts by Legionella spp. in substrate-associated biofilms and floating biofilms from spring environments. Water Res 2011;45:5171–5183.
22Wirthlin MR, Marshall GW Jr, Rowland RW: Formation and decontamination of biofilms in dental unit waterlines. J Periodontal 2003;74:1595–609.
23Walker JT, Bradshaw DJ, Fulford MR, Marsh PD: Microbial evaluation of a range of disinfectant procedures to control mixed-species biofilm contamination in a laboratory model of a dental unit water system. Appl Environment Microbiol 2013;69:3327–3332.
24Claesson R: Umeå har en metod för desinfektion av unitar. Tandläkartidningen 2006;98:56–58.