In both the Latin and the English texts, angle brackets < >, square brackets [ ], and braces { } have the same meanings, namely, respectively, that angle brackets enclose omitted text, square brackets enclose changed text, and braces enclose added text. Note that in the Latin text the editor had to compare the 1745 edition with the 1742 edition, whereas in the English text he had to compare the 1747 English translation with the 1745 Latin edition. That means that a reader who wants to know if a passage in the English text was added to the 1745 second edition must look for braces at the corresponding passage on the Latin facing page. Braces in the English text mean only that the translator added text that is unsupported by the Latin. Where a whole chapter or section was added, the editor noted that fact in the footnote to the English text.

      To save space, the footnotes to the English sometimes begin on the left-hand page; a short rule —————————— is used, when needed for clarity, to separate the footnotes to the English from the footnotes to the Latin.

PHILOSOPHIAE MORALIS INSTITUTIO COMPENDIARIA, LIBRIS III.

      Ethices et Jurisprudentiae Naturalis

      ELEMENTA continens.

      Auctore FRANCISCO HUTCHESON

      in Academia Glasguensi P.P.

      Editio altera auctior et emendatior.

      Ο‘ ἀνεξέταστος βίος, οὐ βιωτὸς ἀνθρώπῳ.

      Plat. Apol.¹

      GLASGUAE,

      Typis ROBERTI FOULIS, Academiae Typographi;

      apud quem venales prostant.

      M DCC XLV.

A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO MORAL PHILOSOPHY, IN THREE BOOKS;

      CONTAINING THE

      ELEMENTS OF ETHICKS

      AND THE

      LAW OF NATURE.

      By FRANCIS HUTCHESON, LLD.

      LATE PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN

      THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW.

      TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN.

      GLASGOW,

      Printed and sold by Robert Foulis.

      Printer to the University.

      MDCCXLVII. <8a>

      ADVERTISEMENT <9a>

       BY THE TRANSLATOR.

      The Author of this book had no inclination that it should be translated, as he wishes that all our students were much enured to the latin tongue, which for the two last centuries, (and in many preceeding, in such style as they had) was the common channel of communication among the Learned through all Europe. He was abundantly aware that such compends, wrote in the most succinct manner their authors could, and yet touching at a great variety of subjects, with hints of the principal topicks of reasoning, must appear very jejune and unpleasant to common readers: not to mention the unavoidable terms of art, which can scarce be turned into easy common language. But he found that the preventing a translation was impossible; as it <10a> was designed in London soon after the publication of the first edition. He therefor thought proper it should be rather done in Glasgow. The English reader must excuse the translator in the use of some few latin terms of art in the 2d and 3d books, and in the omission of a section or two relating solely to some latin ways of speaking in the civil law. He has sometimes inserted a short sentence, or added a note or two, to make some points clearer. He needs the readers indulgence too, if, in following the original pretty closely, he sometimes makes sentences too long, or not so smooth and easy as our native tongue would require.

      JUVENTUTI ACADEMICAE SALUTEM.

      In celebri apud antiquos Philosophiae divisione, quae pars moralis appellabatur, has complexa est disciplinas; Ethicam, strictius dictam, quae hominum mores internos regere profitetur et emendare, et Jurisprudentiam naturalem. Hujus deinde tres sunt partes: prima, Jurisprudentia privata, quae jura docet legesque in libertate naturali vigentes: altera, Oeconomica, leges tradens et jura quibus regenda est domus: tertia est Politica, quae Rerum publicarum formas explicat, ipsarumque inter se jura. Harum omnium in hoc libello prima traduntur elementa: quibus perlectis, tyronibus facilior erit aditus, ad clarissima, in hac philosophia, sive antiquorum Platonis, Aristotelis, Xenophontis, Ciceronis; sive nuperorum, Grotii, Cumberlandi, Puffendorfii, Harringtoni, aliorumque scripta et inventa cognoscenda.

      Nobis etiam non monentibus, perspicient Eruditi, quanta hujus libelli pars ex claris <ii> aliorum scriptis est deprompta; ex Cicerone et Aristotele; atque, ut alios sileam recentiores, ex Puffendorfii de Off. Hom. et Civis libello; quem, vir optimus, doctissimus, Gerschomus Carmichael nuper in hac Academia P. Professor, inter omnes ejusdem commentatores palmam ferens, ita supplevit et emendavit, ut libri substantiâ, quam vocant, multo pluris sint accessiones. [De instituto meo autem, quod] [Cur autem] post tot hujusmodi libellos a viris doctissimis conscriptos, hunc contexendum susceperim, [sic habetote] [haec causa est]: Docenti cuique suo utendum judicio, sua arridet methodus, docendi ratio, rerum series, [argumentorumque momenta, quae discentium ingeniis, ut juvenum captus est, optimè accommodata, atque ad sensus penitùs permanantia, sibi videntur. Quumque nostra methodus, istis quae nuper invaluerunt, non paullum discrepet; si quid ea afferat [quae discentium captui accommodatissima sibi videtur. Si quid autem in nostra methodo sit quod discipulis prodesse potest, eorum intererit, breve aliquod in manibus terere syntagma, quod rerum seriem, summaque disputationum capita exhibeat; ipsisque omnia vivâ voce fusius explicata, in memoriam revocet. <iii>

      {Ciceronis de officiis libros suo merito laudatissimos, viri quidam docti, tanquam Ethices totius summarium complexos absolutum, inconsideratè nuper laudarunt; quum ipse saepius testetur, totam de virtute summoque bono doctrinam, Ethices partem longè praestantissimam et maximè necessariam, alibi quaerendam; cujus etiam locos praecipuos, in libris de Finibus et Tusculanis, ipse antea tractaverat: quinetiam moneat, se, in libris de Officiis, praecepta tradidisse, Stoicos potissimùm secutum; quibus tantum inter virtutes, et officia ex virtute, discrimen esse placuit, ut haec in rerum mediarum, quae nec bonae sint nec malae, numero habuerint. Docent itaque hi de officiis libri, qua ratione, viri honesto loco nati, virtutumque cognitione satis ante instructi, vita sit instituenda, ut honestati verae is semper adhaerescens, opes, potentiam, gratiam, honores, et gloriam consequatur.

      In hoc libello denuo excudendo, quaedam addenda