Bovine Reproduction. Группа авторов

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Bovine Reproduction - Группа авторов


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of mating ability was performed or whether the classification was based solely on the physical and semen evaluations. While there is no opportunity to place bulls in a “questionable” or “deferred” category, the system encourages the use of the comments section to provide further information and prognoses for bulls not meeting the standards.

      The Netherlands

      South Africa

      The Livestock Health and Production Group of the South African Veterinary Association took the initiative to standardize BBSE within South Africa [22]. As was the case in other regions, this group recognized that advances in knowledge in BBSE had led to variation in what services were being offered by veterinarians. Such variation was identified as a source of dissatisfaction to clients and practitioners, with both groups experiencing inconsistency in the costs and outcomes of bull examinations [22]. This group proceeded to produce a paper‐based recording and reporting system for BBSE utilizing evidence‐based standards for the selected parameters.

      In this system, the veterinarian, in consultation with the client, has the option of selecting the purpose of the examination as either:

      1 A natural service sire for sale or owner use

      2 A donor of semen for sale

      3 An examination for insurance purposes.

      There are compulsory aspects of the testing, which include:

      1 A general clinical examination

      2 Physical examination of the genital system

      3 Semen collection and evaluation

      Other procedures such as disease testing are optional and depend on conversations between the veterinarian, the client, or the insurance company.

Schematic illustration of the standard veterinary BBSE certificate used in South Africa. Schematic illustration of explanatory notes accompanying the South African BBSE certificate.

      A unique aspect of the South African system is that certificates are only issued if the bull meets the BBSE standards and is classified as breeding sound. Other than the provision of space for some qualifying comments, there is no facility on the certificate to classify the bull any other way. Therefore bulls are effectively classified as suitable or unsuitable for breeding. Accordingly, the first component of the certificate is a declaration by the veterinarian that the bull complies with the minimum standards set for BBSE examinations for the selected purpose.

      Another unique aspect of this system is that no actual parameters are indicated on the document. The reasoning for this is that the evaluation is designed to provide a yes/no answer to whether the bull is “Breeding Sound” at the time of evaluation. The system acknowledges the risk of artifact affecting the result for many of the parameters when different veterinarians assess bulls in varied field situations. Removing quantitative data from the form is seen as a method of removing inappropriate comparisons between bulls. Therefore if a bull meets or exceeds the parameter standards, the actual number is considered irrelevant. This paradigm contrasts with other systems that aim to both answer the “Breeding Sound” question and provide quantitative data in a way that might assist with genetic selection for improved fertility.

      While there is no suggestion of an accreditation process for South African veterinarians to utilize the certificates, there is inference that undergraduate training and routine continuing professional education are adequate to maintain the integrity of the system.

      The General Physical Examination


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