FIGURE 2.1 Ex-employees must return all company property.

The following list includes some other security issues that should be handled as soon as possible:

      Firing: Timing Is Everything

      Firing an employee has become a complex process. That's why you need a well-designed termination process. However, it must be followed correctly every time. Unfortunately, this doesn't always happen. You might have heard of some fiasco caused by a botched termination procedure. Common examples include performing any of the following before the employee is officially informed of their termination (thus giving the employee prior warning of their termination):

      Vendor, Consultant, and Contractor Agreements and Controls

      Vendor, consultant, and contractor controls are used to define the levels of performance, expectation, compensation, and consequences for entities, persons, or organizations that are external to the primary organization.

      Multiparty risk exists when several entities or organizations are involved in a project. The risk or threats are often due to the variations of objectives, expectations, timelines, budgets, and security priorities of those involved. Risk management strategies implemented by one party may in fact cause additional risks against or from another party. Often a risk management governing body must be established to oversee the multiparty project and enforce consistent security parameters for the member entities, at least as their interactions relate to the project.

      Using service-level agreements (SLAs) is a means to ensure that organizations providing services maintain an appropriate level of service agreed on by both the service provider, vendor, or contractor and the customer organization. You'd be wise to put SLAs in place for any data circuits, applications, information processing systems, databases, or other critical components that are vital to your organization's continued viability. SLAs are important when using any type of third-party service provider, including cloud services. SLAs also commonly include financial and other contractual remedies that kick in if the agreement is not maintained. For example, if a critical circuit is down for more than 15 minutes, the service provider might agree to waive all charges on that circuit for one week.

      SLAs and vendor, consultant, and contractor controls are an important part of risk reduction and risk avoidance. By clearly defining the expectations and penalties for external parties, everyone involved knows what is expected of them and what the consequences are in the event of a failure to meet those expectations. Although it may be very cost-effective to use outside providers for a variety of business functions or services, it does increase potential risk by expanding the potential attack surface and range of vulnerabilities. SLAs should include a focus on protecting and improving security in addition to ensuring quality and timely services at a reasonable price. Some SLAs are set and cannot be adjusted, whereas with others you may have significant influence over their content. You should ensure that an SLA supports the tenets of your security policy and infrastructure rather than being in conflict with them, which could introduce weak points, vulnerabilities, or exceptions.

Outsourcing is the term often used to describe the use of an external third party, such as a vendor, consultant, or contractor, rather than performing the task or operation in-house. Outsourcing can be used as a risk response option known as transference or assignment (see the “Risk Response” section, later in this chapter). However, though the risk of operating a function internally is transferred to a third party, other risks are taken on by using a third party. This aspect needs to be evaluated as to whether it is a benefit or a consequence of the SLA.

      For more on service-level agreements (SLAs), see Chapter 16.

      Vendors, consultants, and contractors also represent an increase in risk of trade secret theft or espionage. Outsiders often lack the organizational loyalty that internal employees typically have; thus, the temptation to take advantage of intellectual property access opportunities may seem to a perpetrator easier or less of an internal conflict. For more on espionage, see Chapter 17, “Preventing and Responding to Incidents.”

      Some organizations may benefit from a vendor management system (VMS). A VMS is a software solution that assists with the management and procurement of staffing services, hardware, software, and other needed products and services. A VMS can offer ordering convenience, order distribution, order training, consolidated billing, and more. In regard to security, a VMS can potentially keep communications and contracts confidential, require encrypted and authenticated transactions, and maintain a detailed activity log of events related to vendors and suppliers.

      Compliance Policy Requirements

      Compliance is the act of conforming to or adhering to rules, policies, regulations, standards, or requirements. Compliance is an important concern of security governance. On a personnel level, compliance is related to whether individual employees follow company policy and perform their job tasks in accordance with defined procedures. Many organizations rely on employee compliance in order to maintain high levels of quality, consistency, efficiency, and cost savings. If employees do not maintain compliance, it could cost the organization in terms of profit, market share, recognition, and reputation. Employees need to be trained in regard to what they need to do (i.e., stay in line with company standards as defined in the security policy and remain in compliance with any contractual obligations