Cultural Commons in the Digital Ecosystem. Maud Pelissier
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commons economy leads to a renewal of the political economy of culture.
PART 1
The Intellectual Movement of the Cultural Commons
Introduction to Part 1
In the cultural field, our investigation into the origins of this notion of the common has led us to identify its birthplace on the other side of the Atlantic. It is indeed there, at the heart of a movement of revolt against certain identified misdeeds of contemporary cultural capitalism, that the notion of the common has been reactivated. This movement was initiated by a group of American jurists gathered at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society (BCIS), founded in 1998 at Harvard University, a unique meeting place for academics and activist experts of the digital world. Among these jurists, all specialists in intellectual property, some, more than others, positioned themselves at the forefront of the scene, such as James Boyle, Yochai Benkler and Lawrence Lessig1.
The target of their critique was the “proprietarist” evolution of information and cultural markets, symbolizing a drift of the neoliberal economy and a fundamentalist vision of the market. In particular, the evolution of the institutional ecology of cultural markets in the digital ecosystem is, in their view, a major obstacle to free culture, which, after being supplanted throughout the 20th century by a hegemonic commercial popular culture, found a new space for expression. Free creative practices do not fall directly within the scope of copyright, but, for all that, they were quickly condemned by the cultural2 industries. They symbolize a willingness to share in an ecosystem that facilitates and democratizes popular expression. The notion of the commons was then mobilized by these jurists to account for these transformations. It embodies the possibility of a free cultural economy that is not intended to replace the commercial cultural economy, but rather to find ways of balanced cohabitation.
The notion of the common was not chosen by chance; it has an ancient history. In the economic domain, it has long been disqualified, evoking the subsistence of forms of resource exploitation perceived as an incomprehensible survival of a system deemed inefficient (Guibet Lafaye 2014). It was updated in the 1970s by the economist Elinor Ostrom, who was awarded a Nobel Prize for her work in the field in 2009. On the basis of numerous empirical research works, she has shown that many common natural resources, which were neither managed by the State nor exclusively by the market, constituted an effective yet efficient regulation based on an original model of self-governance and a conception of property in terms of a body of law.
Much later, in the early 2000s, Elinor Ostrom proposed an extension of her approach from land commons to knowledge commons. James Boyle, a jurist with the BCIS, invited her to a conference at Duke University on this topic. On this occasion, in association with librarian Charlotte Hess, Director of the Digital Commons Library at Indiana University3, she presented a paper entitled “Ideas, Artifacts and Facilities as a Common-Pool Resource” (Hess and Ostrom 2003). They extended these reflections in a book on knowledge commons that paid particular attention to digital archives and libraries as knowledge commons (Hess and Ostrom 2007). This Ostromian intellectual current constitutes the second intellectual locus in which the notion of commons in the digital ecosystem has found a new conceptual life.
Ostrom‘s intellectual output in this field is not equivalent to what she has produced on the analysis of land commons. However, she has opened up and legitimized the creation of a research program on the theme of knowledge commons in the field of scientific communication, thus offering a theoretical framework for identifying the conditions of their institution and their deployment in the digital ecosystem. In France, Ostrom’s approach has been extended in a multidisciplinary research program initiated by the economist Benjamin Coriat in 2013. The scope of this program and the interest it shows in the commons in the digital ecosystem, even if it does not focus primarily on the cultural field, deserves to hang around. The rapprochement with the social and solidarity economy also shows their desire to anchor their thinking on communities in a political economy perspective.
1 1 James Boyle, founder of the Center for the Study of the Public Domain, is a professor at Duke Law School in Durham, North Carolina. Yochai Benkler and Lawrence Lessig are professors at Harvard Law School.
2 2 This chapter is an in-depth version of a French article written in the journal TIC et Société, “Communs culturels numériques : origine, fondement et identification”, vol. 12, no. 1, 2018.
3 3 The Digital Library of the Commons is a portal archiving international literature on the commons. All articles are free and open access. This is a collaborative project linked to the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis by Vincent and Elinor Ostrom. See: https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/.
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